Is violence necessary to maintain or have a moral society Essay

Is violence necessary to maintain or have a moral society - Essay Example Discussed in this paper are the differing standpoints with regard to the role of violence in maintaining a moral society. Violence is an immoral act Throughout the years, scholars struggled to explain the concept of morality. They tackled issues such as, â€Å"good and evil†, â€Å"origin of sin† among others in attempt to understand the complexity of morality. Pacifists view violence as an immoral act that results in further degradation of the society. Individuals with this standpoint believe in amicable resolution of conflicts whereby, opposing sides set their differences aside and work towards reaching a compromise. The process of conflict resolution is lengthy and riddled with many barriers; therefore, ensuring proper communication channels exist proves crucial in mitigating the conflict. Effective communication hinges on both parties listening to each other’s grievances without passing any judgment or exuding verbal or non-verbal mockery. It also entails dev eloping sensitivity to each other’s cultural background whereby, each party must make a conscious effort to avoid using language and actions that are automatically perceived by the other party as overt disregard for their culture. For example, throwing a shoe at person in the Arab culture symbolizes the highest level of disrespect; in 2008, a journalist threw his show at the former president G.W. Bush during his visit to Iraq for conflict resolution talks. The presence of a neutral third party charged with the responsibility of mediating the conflict enable feuding parties to address their concerns in a rational manner. For example, feuding countries rely on peace delegates to mediate their amicable conflict resolution talks in order to prevent the onset of war, which is likely to result in civilian casualty and immense destruction of property. Pacifists encourage the use of non-violent methods, which entail preventing the infliction of injury or harming others. These methods negate the use of physical force or verbal threats by encouraging the use of peaceful methods to foster lasting, positive political and social change. Pacifists bear in mind the negative repercussions of resorting to violence such as counter-violence. The vengeful nature of majority of humans compels them to engage in counter-violence aimed at retaliating against instigators of preceding violent acts. This perpetuates enmity failing to address initial problems that triggered violent outbursts. Individuals using non-violent methods have greater control over their message making these methods an effective form of protest. For example, in Mahtma Ghandi led the Non Cooperation Movement in 1920s, which entailed resignation from nominated positions in the legislative government and surrendering of titles with the sole intention of protesting oppression by the government. The media provides a platform for these protestors to express their grievances. However, dealing with the media might result in complications especially when conflicts exist between a minority group and large institutions such as the government. The latter have the power to censure the media; for example, the government might pass absurd statutes that restrict the freedom of the media. Such circumstances are responsible for triggering violent outbursts, which result in degradation of

Background Of Bhutanese Public And Private Sector Economics Essay

Background Of Bhutanese Public And Private Sector Economics Essay Introduction. The Bhutanese economy is considerably underdeveloped. The mountainous terrain and the rugged topography makes development activities complex. With an estimated population of 684,000 (2010), the country lacks work force and professionals in different departments. The country experienced an average GDP growth rate at 9% in the 10th FYP. The livelihood of the majority of the population of Bhutan still depends on agriculture and its allied group. The government has and will continue to play a lead role as Bhutanese economy undergoes major structural reform. Public sectors form the part of the companies and corporations that are owned by the government. The private sector includes all profit businesses that are not owned or operated by the government. The private sector in Bhutan is hampered by the size of the market, lack of infrastructure and financial instability which is why the public sector plays a dominant role for major economic operations. The operation of the Bhutanese economy is divided into three sectors namely primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector. Initially public sector was held responsible for the operation of all the three sectors but with the advent of modern Bhutanese economy, private sector plays a significant role in enhancing production and profitability. This paper briefs on the background of the public and private sectors in Bhutan, their contribution towards GDP, employment and social welfare. With the process of modernization, privatization is given more attention and government aims to strengthen the privatization strategy to generate more revenue, employment opportunities and expand the countrys economic operations. Background of Public and private sector. Public Sector. Public sector in Bhutan is the part of the economy controlled by the nation and is concerned with providing basic government services. Akin to majority of the developing countries, public sector in Bhutan includes education, health care, police, military, public roads, communication, etc. The public sector can be defined as: The public sector is that portion of society controlled by national, state or provincial, and local governments. (Investors word.com 2011) The Bhutanese economy is based on the unique development philosophy of Gross National Happiness initiated by the Forth King Jigme Singye Wangchuck. The Royal Government has played a leading role in the modern sector of Bhutans economy. The government has direct involvement in every developmental activity due to the shortage of local entrepreneurs and capital from the private entities in the country. The public sector overlaps with the private sector in producing or providing certain goods and services. In Bhutan almost every large organizations are under the ministries of the Royal Government. For instance: Ministry of Health, Education, Trade and Industry, Communications etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are all public owned. Since the first Five Year Plan in 1961, the government has addressed the need for basic education other than monastic education. Education programmes were given boost in 1990 when the Asian Development Bank granted a US$7.13 million loan. Bhutans modern health care development accelerated with the establishment of the Department of Public Health in the 1960s and the opening of new hospitals and dispensaries throughout the country. Even today, Ministry of health is fully under public sector. Likewise, Agriculture sector, communications, major industries like Penden cement authority, Chhukha Hydro power corporations, Bhutan tourism Industry, Druk Air etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦which forms the highest revenue in the country till date the public are under the public sector. The Private sector. The role of private sector is gaining more importance in Bhutan and the world as a whole. The private sector can be defined as: Part of national economy made up of, and resources owned by, private enterprises. It includes the personal sector (households) and corporate sector (firms), and is responsible for allocating most of the resources within an economy. (Business dictionary.com, 2011) The Bhutan Chamber of Commerce and Industry is a non-profit organization comprising of business community from all around the country. It was established in 1980 with the motto of developing and being responsible for private sector development. The BCCI provides linkages between the government and the private sector and works closely with all the government agencies, autonomous organizations, international organizations and donor agencies towards facilitations and promotion of trade and industrial development in the kingdom. (BCCI, n.d) Private sector development plays an important role in the economic development of the country. Various aspects of private sector development are addressed in different decision plans. During the 6th FYP, government adopted appropriate strategies and policies to recognize the role of private sectors. Government continued to promote an enabling environment (8th FYP, 2002) for the continual growth and to take greater share in the private sector during the 7th FYP. The 8th FYP general approach is toward privatization and private sector development. It mainly focuses on privatization of public sector activities by empowering various programmes like outright sale, partial minority ownership, management contracting, lease management and commercialization. (8th FYP, 2002). This will encourage private sector efficiency and profitability. The plan also focuses on enhancing the current level of activities and promoting new activities. Privatization was given due importance since the 7th FYP. Public enterprises were divested. The state trading corporation of Bhutan divested 49% of its shares, and the management of the company was given over to the private sector.(Development towards GHN, 2000.p. 28) Some of the examples of divesting programmes by the public sector to the private sector are as follows: Calcium carbide plant, gypsum, slate and coal mines was fully privatized. Sha slate mines in Wangdiphodrang, salt iodination plant in phuntsholing was also privatized. Tourism sector, hotels and transport sectors are successful private firms now. Public enterprises such as Druk Air, Hydro Power Plants, Bank of Bhutan, Bhutan Polythene corporation, Fruit Processing Unit in Paro etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦could not be sold to private sectors as they were not financially strong and most of them lacked interest. (8th FYP, 2002). Therefore public sector will remain to monitor the large industries in the country like Power Corporations, Dungsam cement project etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦because such projects are beyond the capacity of the private sector. Private sector also has a lead role to play in different ministries of the Royal government of Bhutan. For instances: Ministry of Agriculture private food processing units such as Agro-based industry in Samtse manufactures pickle, juice etc. Druk Seed Corporations has successfully been achieved. Ministry of Trade and Industry privatization of micro and mini hydel power plants. Ministry of communication- road constructions, postal services and forms of transportation like buses and taxis are privately owned. Ministry of Health- Private clinics are initiated to encourage doctors to work efficiently and maximize their earnings. Ministry of Education Private schools especially at pre-primary and degree level have become essential in shaping the countrys future. The main economic indicators of economic indicators in Bhutan are Gross Domestic Product, Gross National Income and International Trade. In table 1, the real GDP in 2011 increased to US$ 1500. The real GDP growth from US$ 125.3 million in 2006 to US$ 131.3 million in 2007 with the growth rate of 21.4 percent has also been recorded. With the average exchange rate of Nu.41.1 per 1 US$,(2010) Bhutans GDP is therefore estimated at Nu. 61650 in 2010. This mainly accounted to the revenues from hydro-power sector, tourism and construction of infrastructures in recent years development plans. The current account of balance of payment (% in GDP) is recorded at -4.3, 12.2, -2.2, -9.6, -7.2, -13.8 in the year 2006, 2007,2008,2009,2010 and 2011 respectively. The inflation rate based on implicit GDP deflator (base year 2000) decreased to 4.5% in 2010 compared to 8.0 in 2006. Public and private sectors contribution towards GDP of Bhutan. The public and private sectors work as the two hands of the Bhutanese economy. The contribution of both the sectors contributes to the nations capital formation. For instance, Public sector initiates various large economic activities like the hydro power which forms the major part of countrys GDP and the private sector take the responsibility in constructions of dams and micro, mini hydro power projects. Both public and private sectors are categorized into three sectors namely: From the above table 2, we can find that the tertiary sector has recorded the highest growth at 12.2 in 2009 followed by secondary sector at 4.1 and primary sector at 1.6. this is mainly because of the structural transformation and development in community and social services, communications and storage, construction and transport, manufacturing and financial service sector. The primary sector includes agriculture proper, livestock production, forestry and logging, mining and quarry. The overall performance of the agriculture, livestock, and forestry sectors improved during 2009. The forestry and logging sub-sector revived from its negative growth of 1.4% in 2008 to 3.9% in 2009. In 2009, primary sectors contribution contracted by 1.6% down from 2.5% in the previous year. Corresponding, its sectors contribution to real GDP growth declined 0.5% in 2008 to 0.3% in 2009. The secondary sectors share to nominal GDP also saw a slight decline from 20.7% in 2008 to 20.5% in 2009. This was mainly credited to the negative growth in mining and quarrying sector. The secondary sector includes manufacturing, electricity and construction. The real GDP in this sector declined from 5.5% in 2008 to 4.1% in 2009. This was mainly due to decline in manufacturing sector and electricity. The real growth in manufacturing sector dropped from 8.5% in 2008 to 6.9% in 2009. However, due to the construction of hydro-power and related infrastructures contributes, a positive growth rate of 16.1% in 2009 from 10.2% in 2008 was recorded. Bhutans tertiary sectors performance improved in 2009 with 12.2% growth compared to 4.8% in 2008. Correspondingly, this sectors share to nominal GDP expanded to 39.8% in 2009 from 38.4% in 2008. (RGoB, RMA 2011) Employment. Despite the endless developmental efforts by the public and private sector, unemployment has remained a burning issue in the Bhutanese economy. With the growing population and increasing literates, unemployment has become a fundamental problem in the country. About 50,000 school graduates and 19,000 migrants from rural to urban areas are expected to enter Bhutans labour market in 2002-2007, making employment generation, particularly in the private sector, an urgent need. (Bhutan country strategy paper, 2007). Most of the graduates look for government jobs in urban areas. This, coupled with the rural-urban migration, would mean that Bhutan will have to create around 14,000 jobs annually. The private sector will not be able to take all the job seekers. The limited entrepreneurial tradition and the high status accorded to government employment, together with generally inflated wage expectations (relative to the productivity level) make job creation a daunting task for such a small country. To meet this challenge, the Royal Government of Bhutan has set up many vocational training institutes to provide the job market with skilled workers in a wide range of trades. (Bhutan country strategy paper, 2007). Although share of primary sector in GDP is gradually decreasing, agriculture is still the predominant sector providing employment to around 65.37% (NSB, 2009) of the labour force. The private sector is emerging as the important sector generating employment opportunities for the rapidly increasing labour market. Although employment data is weak in Bhutan, it is estimated that around 60,000 people are employed in the formal sector. Of these, approximately 22, 0000 are employed in public sector institutions (of which 14, 258 are employed in the civil service). This implies that around 60 percent of total formal-sector jobs are in the private sector. However, of the total 60,000 formal sector jobs, it is estimated that 50 percent are held by non-nationals. As the share of non-nationals in public sector institutions is likely to be very small the majority of these 30,000 non-national workers are employed in the private sector. (Private sector survey.p. 9) There are assorted difficulties faced by the Public and private sector in the development process. Difficulties in development of private sector. The development of a financial market has a direct relationship to the growth of private sector. The private sector lacks capital. High rate of interest is charged on borrowings. Innovative forms of lending are limited and the existing collateral-based lending does not promote entrepreneurship. (Development towards GNH,p.86) Most private business is small and family owned but lack professional management. Job opportunities in private sector continue to be less attractive then the Royal Government despite the introduction of Chathrim for employment in the private sector. (Development towards GNH,p.86) Privatization is a new developmental phenomenon and requires a enabling environment. The pace of setting up a comprehensive and harmonious environment needs to be stepped up. Relatively small size of the local market. Lack of entrepreneurial expertise and experience. There is lack of entrepreneurial talent due to the very new nature of most private sector activities in Bhutan; Shortage of domestic skilled and unskilled labour. Lack of physical infrastructure and establishment site. Lack of competition. Difficulties in the development of the public sector. Bhutanese economy largely depends on foreign aids. The budgets for the development activities are received through grant, aid, debt and entire revenue of the country. The revenue of the country is very minimal to undertake developmental activities. Therefore, country is compelled to depend on public debts which in long run have to be paid with the interest and it affects the balance of payment. Bhutan has a rugged topography and her aim to maintain 60% of the area under forest cover makes regional development difficult. Rescheduling in undertaking the progress. The developmental activities in case of public sector are based on governments set of rules which leads to rescheduling and delay in progress. Lack of proper accounting and auditing in public sectors. There is no regular system and mechanism to provide public sector accountants with continuing professionals and training. Lack of skilled and unskilled labour. One-half of the population is considered literate with limited skills and experience. We have less number of technically trained professionals. Thus, the lack of adequate human resource has forced our private and public sector to remain technically backward leading to very slow space of progress. There should be improvement in the code of conduct amongst the civil servants. Procrastination is a common problem in various governmental agencies. There are neither updated reports nor specific data available. Proper working hour should be allotted and outcome should be studied for constant progress. Bhutans financial system is undeveloped and noncompetitive. It only offers very basic financial products and at a fairy high cost. Conclusion. The behavior of the public and the private sectors determine the success and failures of the Bhutanese economy. They are the pair of hands of the Bhutanese economy. Public sector is the part of the economy concerned with providing basic government services and private sector forms the part of national economy made up of, and resources owned by, private enterprises. Both the sector have shown rapid development progress in terms of economic and social welfare. Although at present the private sector in Bhutan is small and lacks absorptive power, the government places considerable emphasis on its role as the engine of Bhutans future growth. Huge employment opportunities are created due to new private firms and the existing markets in the public sectors. However, both the sectors are facing enormous problems in the development process. In order to improve the pace of development and to increase the GDP of the nation, it is recommended that the public and private sector work in harmony and frame policies such that private sector receives equal priority as the public sector. It is also recommended that the civil servants code of conduct be checked. Proper working hour should be allotted and outcome should be studied for constant progress. To improve the efficiency and the quality in the developmental activities, there should be more production of local professionals and skilled labour and implement ways to strengthen the existing sectors.

the videogames industry Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The video game industry has become a huge influence on society and the economy today. It is an industry that is so huge that it is estimated that 70% of U.S homes will own a Video game system by the year 2005, (Cassandra, 2002) Just one year away. But what made it the way it is? Since it is still an industry it has to follow the natural laws of economics. In this paper we will dive into the industry that now has gone beyond movies and recordings in profit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first is that the video game consol industry is an oligopoly and has to deal with the game theory. It is an oligopoly because it has high barriers to entry such as hardware subsidies and very fierce competition amongst already established firms (Scevek, 2001) Also there are only three major producers of video game consoles: Sony, Nintendo, and the recently Microsoft. Because these three all have personal interests the game theory applies quickly. The most recent example is the releases of the Playstaion 2 by Sony, the Nintendo GameCube, and Microsoft’s X-box. Early in the year of 2001 Sony released its latest Playstation 2 and its profits surged. They had increased 3.1% to 24.8 billion Yen, and 22.t million units sent world wide in the first fiscal year (IGN, 2002). Microsoft and Nintendo however had a different story. They decided to hold off sending of their product until the holiday season of 2001, a well-known purchasing time for consumers. However this induced competition for personal interests and both ended up worse off. While the Xbox had sold 1.4 million units, and Gamecube 1.3 million, Sony had 1.4 million units sold in its fourth quarter (Weintraub, 2002). That 1.4 million was in addition to the millions sold before hand. This unwise release is catching up with Microsoft as the profits for the X-box had halved to 190 million in 2003 compared to the loss of 60 million the year before (Yabedo, 2003), and it may soon be forced to leave the gaming industry. As it stands now the current owning of systems in households is 75% own a Playstation 2, 12% own a X-box, and13% own a Gamecube (yabedo, 2003). While the figures may be small Nintendo is building up slow but steady steam with its big name titles, and domination of the hand-held industry. Its recent release the Gameboy Advance has caused a make up for the loss by GameCube. It had so... ...t (Chmielewski,2002). With this increase investment and demand in human capital it is clear to see that the industry is bound to only continue growing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion the video game industry is growing, it has been for the last thirty years and will continue maybe for the next hundred. But it is an industry none the less, it has to follow the same laws as any other firm in the game of economics, and in this game there is no save point or pause button. We have seen that because of the game theory the console companies make choices for what they believe to be their best option only to have a worse outcome than if they had released at a different date, that as a compony earns an economic profit other componies will try to enter that area driving down economic profit, as well as examples of their fierce competition to stay on the cutting edge. We have also seen that they follow the laws of demand, and develop only on the desires and tastes of the buyers, the costs that come with producing a game both explicit and implicit, and the externalities that come with the products. And what investments are being made for the f uture in this billion-dollar industry.

Discriminatory Practice in Health and Social Care Essay

Unfortunately bullying is becoming more and more common amongst children, workmates, elderly and people with disabilities. There are three different types of bullying these are verbal bullying, social bullying and physical bullying. Verbal bullying is when you write or say bad things on people for example teasing or threatening. Social bullying is when you hurt someone’s feelings for example embarrassing someone publicly and leaving someone behind but on purpose. The last one physical bullying is when you hurt someone’s body such as hitting and pushing. So basically bullying is when someone use force, threat and intimidation on someone to dominate that person. An example of bullying is a careworker is using verbal bullying on a disabled person she keeps saying that he has no good to society, he’s waste of space etc. Abuse: Many people abuse others to maintain and gain power on other people so they can control them, often these people find the vulnerable so they will be afraid of them and will not report or talk to someone else. Abuse varies a lot some example of these are sexual abuse, physical abuse, neglect, financial abuse, verbal, emotional etc. Sexual abuse is when someone takes action and forces someone to do something sexually although they still don’t want to. Physical abuse is when you use physical force with the aim to hurt someone. Neglect is when your basic needs are not being given such as food, medicines, clean clothes and many more. The last one is emotional abuse this is a non-physical behavior words only are being used such as insulting and treats. For example a careworker who is catholic there is an elderly who is muslim who unfortunately he cannot speak so she neglected him she doesn’t give him clean clothes, sometimes she even doesn’t give the patient to eat etc because she knows he cannot saying anything. Prejudice: Prejudice is unsupported which usually it is a negative attitude to other people this may include bad feeling, stereotyped beliefs and it can also lead to discrimination. Basically it is prejudgments which usually they are negative about members of a society. There are many types of prejudice some of them are racism, sexism, classicism, nationalism, homophobia, agism and religious. So in a few words prejudice is when you form an opinion on someone before becoming aware of the important fact of the person based on their race, sexism, age, disability, religion and many more. An example of prejudice there is a patient in this home which he is a disabled person, he’s family doesn’t come visiting him and he doesn’t have many clothes so the careworker doesn’t value him like the others because he’s less than them because he looks poor. P3: Describe at least FOUR potential effects of discriminatory practices mentioned in Task 1 on the service users residing in this care home. When someone is being discriminated this will probably lead to many problems such as the person can be marginalization, having low self-esteem, disempowerment, restricted opportunities and many more. Marginalization: Marginalization is a process of a person or sometimes even whole communities that can be denied access to various rights, resources and opportunities  that normally are given to other people. Someone who is being marginalized, is being excluded from participating and belonging. Social exclusion often is based on an individual education status, social class, living standards, race, homelessness and even child hood relationships. This discrimination can occur with anyone such as people with disability, drug users, young people, adults, elderly. For example in this home we have two particular individuals who uses a wheelchair, once in a month a bingo is organized unfortunately the door to this hall is to thin and a wheelchair cannot pass, so these people cannot go. The careworkers knows that they can organized it in other rooms where a wheelchair can pass but they won’t because there is more light in this room. Disempowerment: Disempowerment is when a person or even sometimes a whole group is being discriminated against by other persons so this will lead for a person to feel disempowered. Some people that will be discriminated will have the courage to fight back and many times they will success at the other hand there will be individuals who will not fight against discrimination. So in a few words disempowerment is to make someone feel lower than you, everyone can be disempowered from young children to elderly so you need to fight it. As a result of disempowerment negatives emotions might occur such as becoming more depressed, self-obsessed, withdrawn, excluded, helpless, outsider, low self-worth and many more. An example of disempowerment is when an elderly is being told that she is not useful to society anymore by her carer this is making the patient feel useless, excluded and many more so the patient is being disempowerment. Low self-esteem: Low self-esteem is someone’s overall emotional and how they value themselves, it is an evaluation for her or his own worth. Self-esteem is a judgement on yourself in this case low self-esteem is when someone feels that s/he is not worth nothing they feel useless to society. Unfortunately a person could never had low self-esteem but s/he is being bullied from someone else’s and s/he starts feeling useless if it is not treated immediately this can lead to low self-esteem. Low self-esteem can leads to problem in relationships, bad choices on work and in life, low self-esteem doesn’t let you to choose the right decisions you need to make. For example in this house there is a  particular elderly who before he entered this house he didn’t have low self-esteem now he is being bullied by his carer he slaps him if he doesn’t want to eat any more resulting to this he now have low self-esteem that he doesn’t want to talk to anyone about it. Negative behavior: Negative behavior can happen to anyone it can be naturally the way how you respond to things is negative but others can occur negative behavior on previous experiences such as bullying. Many times when a person is being discriminated s/he becomes frustrated because of the unfair treatment that is been given to the individual. In health and social care we have to recognize a person and even respect everyone choices and identities. For a person who is being discriminated, to reduce the feeling of powerlessness many times this grief is expressed in aggression or sometimes even criminality. An example in our home a particular patient a disabled person as he arrived he was calm and happy unfortunately now he is so angry he keeps pushing things, yelling and saying bad things to people. After some time we saw from where this was coming a particular care worker used to bully him saying bad things about him, stealing his things and slapping him. M1: Assess the effects on those using the service of three different discriminatory practices in health and social care. First case is about prejudice about two older gay people, although last July the law became same sex can marry there are still people who cannot understand this. In this case these two gay people had gone through so much some of them were they faced themselves with carers praying for them because they were gay even some careres didn’t want to wash them or feed or care them because of their sexuality. At the end these two people felt disgraceful they didn’t know what else they’ve should done so someone will understand them so at the end they went to a new home separately so they won’t be more prejudiced. In this case the victim who are being discriminated are two old gay men, they were discriminated by their carers. The main base that they were being discriminated was because of their sexuality. Prejudice is when someone form an opinion about someone but before even knowing the relevant facts of the patient many times these are judged on age, disability, sexuality, race, language and more. The effect of this discrimination made the two people who  were being prejudiced awful they felt that they were doing something wrong they didn’t know what else they can do, so these old gay man decided they cannot be more prejudiced for both their safety and health they decided to separate ways and try living a normal life as society want them to be. The second case is about neglect a hospital who received suspended sentence when receiving suspended sentence for neglecting and abusing of patients. These patients most of them pensioners were left starving or in agony because nurses claim they are too busy to help. Some of examples of neglect to the patients were nurses taking minutes to respond the emergency buzzer, patients who were told by the nurse to soil his clothes because s /he was too busy to take the patient. A patient left without pillows or blankets, a patient that dropped hot soup on herself and left there without any help and many more. At the end the hospital had to pay a big fine and these nurses and carers were fired. In this case the victim are the patients in the hospital, they were neglected and abused by some of the nurses and carers. They were mostly discriminated on their age and race, neglect is a form of abuse where there is someone supposed to be responsible for the individual because s/he cannot take care of himself but this is not performed. For example the patient as indicated in the case no clean clothes were given, left starving etc so basically neglect is when a person’s basic needs are not given. The discriminatory practice that was on these patients was neglect and abuse the effect that was left on the patients they were scared to talk, they weren’t happy at the end although these staff were fired still the patients couldn’t feel safe in that hospital anymore. The last case who is still going on is about bullying, this case happened in Saint Catherine hospital a hospital which treat vulnerable adults with disabilities such as autism, dementia, learning difficu lties and many more. These adults were bullied by three health workers they punched, slapped, threatened and even sometimes they used to drag the patient by their hair and thrown into a ball pool. Most of the patients cannot speak and other staff members were too scared to report this abuse. They used to lock someone in a cupboard and stopped the patient from getting out by putting another patient with a wheelchair against the cupboard also they used to throw pillows to a patient that had learning difficulties. After a staff member had the courage to report, the case is now being processed. In this case the victims are  disabled patients with most of them with learning difficulties in a hospital where they were supposed to be given treatment. They were bullied by three staff these were care assistants Ms.S.Murphy, Ms.J.Burge and a physiotherapist Mr.M.Barnard. They were mostly discriminated about their disability and they knew that they couldn’t talk. The type of discriminatory in this case is bullying is when someone threat, use force or abuse others to feel more dominate. The effects of bullying on these patients made them feel more and more powerless and that they cannot let anyone near them because they are going to hurt them. I would like to see justice with these people and get what they deserve. References: Answers.com, (2015). What is disempowerment in health and social care. 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Self Destruction In Dr Faustus And Macbeth English Literature Essay

In the unsafe kingdoms of Renaissance supernatural belief, ‘He who walketh in darkness knoweth non whither he goeth ‘ ( 4 Cosin ) . During the sixteenth and 17th centuries, Europe was possessed by an intense, unfortunate fright of malcifium, the menace of enchantresss, devils and the Devil himself. Infiltrating every country of life, no minute was free from possible contact with these awful animals, which were accepted as non merely endangering but a existent phenomenon. The demand to derive control over this devilish, apparently unstoppable force, led to the publication of plants such as The Malleus Maleficarum ( 1487 ) and Daemonologie ( 1597 ) , which non merely catalogued the supernatural menace, but besides questioned the relationship between worlds and the Devil. Beneath the absolute belief of the being of these malicious existences, these plants speak strongly about our ain destructiveness, leting a relation between the fright of the paranormal and the fright of th e unknown, potentially destructive possibilities the Renaissance ushered into Europe. Given the societal centrality of the supernatural, it is unsurprising that when such animals debuted upon the phase, the play they haunted became cardinal in the commotion of horror, craze and machination. The Tragic History of Dr Faustus and The Tragedy of Macbeth, written by Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare severally, present two supporters who embody the powerful self-government of Men exposed to the luring possibilities of the Renaissance. Marlowe and Shakespeare were consciously cognizant of the province of panic environing the supernatural, but besides the ‘burgeoning enthusiasm of the period about humanity and its powers ‘ ( 3 Mebane ) . However, due to the heavy haze of superstitious notion that bewitched the common modern-day head, the supernatural elements in these dramas overshadowed the psychological geographic expedition of the vague parts of adult male. It is hence necessary to follow the form between the subjective every bit good as the nonsubjec tive immorality within the dramas to find the nature of Macbeth and Faustus ‘ self-construed devastation. Clark argues that because ordinary work forces and adult females interpreted misfortune as being caused by witchery, they were distracted from ‘the existent significance of their affliction ‘ ( 450 ) which was ‘the duty for events ‘ ( 450 ) . Therefore this essay will seek to find Faustus ‘ and Macbeth ‘s personal duty for their ain ruin, admiting both modern-day and modern positions. The ageless commotion of supernatural beliefs, brushs and frights kept societies of the Renaissance period suspended on the border of the boundary line between world and the occult. After digesting monarchal turbulency and the destructive effects of the Reformation, the 1580s to the 1600s in England were characterised by warring spiritual and political cabals, economic adversity and menace of foreign invasions, apparent in events such as the executing of Mary Queen of Scots in 1587 and the subsequent launch of the Spanish Armada in 1588. King James I, who experienced the reverberations of these events foremost manus, attributed his bad luck to the intercession of the Devil and witchery. Following his engagement in the North Berwick Witch Trials of 1590, he wrote the Daemonologie ( 1597 ) which reinforced the resoluteness of The Malleus Maleficarum ( 1487 ) that the fallibility of adult male was mostly to fault for the presence of evil due to God ‘s determination to let worlds s elf-determination, indicating to the duty of adult male. The innovation and rapid development of the publishing imperativeness from 1440 onwards meant that the circulation of thoughts and theories around Europe expanded vastly, opening up a new sphere of cognition to be explored. Maxwell-Stuart argues that the character of the Reformation was in many ways destructive, due to the crashing of spiritual ideals ( 115 ) . When using this expression to the Renaissance character, there is a similar destructive result. The ardent pursuit of cognition that enticed ungratified work forces beyond the ‘lawfull artes of scientific disciplines ‘ ( 10 James VI ) , meant that they succumbed to ‘the slipperie and uncertaine graduated table of curiousitie ‘ ( 10 James VI ) , taking them, in modern-day eyes, to the Devil. The Faust fable, in which a work forces sells his psyche to the Satan to capture this infinite cognition and power, is hence the perfect frame in which to capture the self-construed ruin of an ambitious character. Sh akespeare, on the other manus, drew inspiration from the Scots fable of King Macbeth. As the Scots monarchal line had ne'er been broken by foreign invasion, unlike England, the Crown was the prototype of power in Scotland. Apparently written to blandish James I, who was rumoured to be a descendent of Banquo, Shakespeare draws on the history of Scots male monarchs in order to underscore the magnitude of the power that tempts Macbeth. The gradual soaking up of Scotland into England with the combined monarchy of James I resonated with already bing frights of the unknown that society contributed to the Devil and his work. Before we can look at Dr Faustus, we must admit the disparity between the 1604 and 1616 publications. The bulk of grounds points to 1588 as the day of the month of the first production ( 282 Summers ) , but the drama was non published until more than a decennary subsequently. Nicholas Brooke argues that ‘The 1616 text is the nearer to what Marlowe wrote, and it retains more to the full the Morality drama characteristics which distinguish Faustus ‘ ( 94 ) . This statement is relevant to the subject of self devastation as it links to the thought of self-government. In the A text, a cardinal line reads: ‘never excessively tardily, if Faustus can atone ‘ , whereas in the B text it is changed to: ‘never excessively tardily, if Faustus will atone ‘ . The early version suggests Faustus is subjective to the outside forces, while the ulterior version suggests it is Faustus ‘ pick if he will atone. However this dissension is utile as it echoes the conf licting positions of modern-day audiences with modern twenty-four hours critics, and is something this essay will turn to. -Maybe travel this paragraph to earlier in the essay? Renaissance Christianity classified the Devil as the great adversary of God, alongside hosts of devils and enchantresss who worked jointly for ‘the self same generall ende, of scoring mankinde ‘ ( 2 Cosin ) . He is besides ‘the incarnation of an excessive pride, which led to his noncompliance and autumn ‘ ( 43 Maxwell-Stuart ) . The Devil is, hence, an of import figure, as his ‘overweening pride ‘ and fall relates to this destructive character, and is therefore an interesting psychological symbol to compare with Faustus and Macbeth. Yet, inquiries refering the echt power that the Devil had over human existences perplexed modern-day theologists: ‘were such visual aspects simply semblance, and if so, was the semblance created by him ‘ ( 68 Maxwell-Stuart ) . The portraiture of the Devil ‘s work upon the phase addresses this inquiry – the theater demands that we believe things that are non existent, yet the violent belief in t he world and the ocular devastation of these work forces speaks strongly to our ain, built-in destructiveness. In Dr Faustus, it is the treaty that binds Faustus to Mephastophilis, nevertheless all the needed elements to seal the treaty must be completed by Faustus. ( sentence needs a spot of tweaking ) Mephistopheles repetitively assures Faustus of the importance of his engagement: ‘But Faustus, 1000 must will it solemnly, / And compose a title of gift with thine ain blood ‘ ( 34-35: 5 ) . The accent on ‘thou must ‘ and ‘thine ain blood ‘ underscores Faustus ‘ lone duty, while the ‘deed of gift ‘ explicitly implicates Faustus in the act of giving his psyche, instead than it being taken by Mephistopheles. It is possible that Mephistopheles is pull stringsing Faustus, nevertheless Faustus ‘ chesty attitude surpasses any effort of Mephistopheles: ‘Faustus: What God can ache thee, Faustus? ‘ ( 25 ) Yet beliefs at the clip would hold suggested otherwise. Kramer and Sprenger, writers of The Malleus Maleficarum, determined that the Satan could non impact ‘natural actions, such as feeding, walking and standing ‘ ( 127 ) , nevertheless he could ‘affect the interior illusion, and darken the apprehension ‘ ( 123 ) , proposing Faustus ‘ desires may hold been heightened, as is seeable through the evil angel ‘s reminders of the wealth and power that awaits Faustus. This is evocative of the nature of the prognostications in Macbeth. Many readings of the prognostication were go arounding Europe at the clip, nevertheless the Daemonologie stated that the ‘Prophecie proceedeth onelie of GOD: and the Devill hath no cognition of things to come ‘ ( 3 James VI ) . One supposed power of the Satan was to engraft ideas by manner of seduction. If we consider the pretension of prognostication may hold been used in order to impact Macbeth ‘s ‘inner illusion ‘ , so we can see how the prognostication may hold been used non as a anticipation but as an evil tool. Furthermore, while the prognostications are spoken with supernatural presence, when they come to go through it is in non-supernatural fortunes. For illustration, Macbeth believes that he shall ne'er be threatened until ‘Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill/Shall come against him ‘ ( 92-93: Act 4 Scene 2 ) . However the wood does travel but merely as the soldi ers of Macduff use the subdivisions from the trees as camouflage. One the other manus, the Devil ‘s presence is ever alluded to: ‘Banquo: What, can the devil speak true? ‘ ( 108: Act I Scene III ) . Therefore, if the audience believes the Devil is at that place, so he will be, as demonstrated in the reported visual aspect of excess Satans upon the phase in public presentations of Dr Faustus. The metaphysical universe of immorality is merely seeable when the audience are removed from the haze of craze and fright that ruled them in modern-day times. Nicholas Brooke argued that: ‘On the one manus, supernatural manifestations are external to adult male ; on the other they are partially suggested as nonsubjective realisations of psychological struggle ‘ ( 93 ) . While this complicates affairs, it acknowledges both the beliefs of the modern-day audience and alerts us to Shakespeare ‘s appreciation of psychological projection. We must see so, the personality and scruples of Macbeth and Faustus. The thought that the bad lucks allegedly brought by witchery were chiefly a affair for the scruples was dominant among the Protestant curates of early modern Europe ( 445 Clark ) . Machiavelli held pessimistic positions about the nature of adult male, claiming that all work forces were inherently evil, and this claim has survived until modern times, with Eliot asseverating that ‘we are all, of course, impure ‘ ( 103 ) . It is difficult to state if Macbeth would hold committed the slaying had the thought non been implanted, yet the fact he goes on to slay Banquo and Macduff ‘s household demonstrates an evil run that would non be present in a moral adult male. Furthermore, the legion mentions to Macbeth ‘s aspiration demo his duty: ‘I have no spur/ To prick the sides of my purpose, but only/ Vaulting aspiration ‘ ( 25-27: Act I Scene 7 ) . He has nil to halt him from his homicidal p urposes, once more underscoring his deficiency of ethical motives, and has merely his aspiration to drive him on. However, his scruples is profoundly affected by his slayings, as evident in the visual aspect of Banquo: ‘Thy castanetss are marrowlesse, thy blood is cold: / Thou hast no guess in those eyes/ Which thou dost blaze with ‘ ( REFERENCE ) . Again frequently considered to be an objectification of Macbeth ‘s guilt, the deficiency of ‘speculation ‘ in Banquo ‘s eyes to the full hold Macbeth responsible for his slaying. Furthermore, the perturbation of Macbeth ‘s mental province emphasises the extent of guilt he feels, proposing he besides realises the entireness of his duty in his eventual destruction.- This all seems to suit in truly good with the paragraph stoping ‘ambition to drive him on'- Maybe intergrate them or at least set this one heterosexual after? Modern critics mostly take the position that the enchantresss are: ‘nothing more than the objectification upon the phase of Macbeth ‘s evil passions and desires ‘ ( 397 W. Curry ) . Macbeth observes them vanishing and exclaims: ‘Into the air ; and what seemed corporal/ melted, / As breath into the air current. Would they had stayed! ‘ ( 81-83: Act I Scene III ) . Their unsubstantial signifier and the simile ‘as breath into the air current ‘ represent the fleeting ideas within Macbeth ‘s head, the deep whirl of possibility that has struck him at this precise minute. On modern-day phases, the disappearing of the Witches may hold been hard to show in this manner, nevertheless in the book we can see the imitation of idea. The repeat of ‘All hail, Macbeth ‘ ( 54 -58: Act I, Scene III ) echoes the resonance of the possibility within Macbeth ‘s head. Montague Summers provinces: ‘They are non agents of immorality, they a re evil ‘ ( 287 ) , hence if the Witches are contemplations of Macbeth ‘s head, we must assume his personality is besides evil. Similarly to Macbeth and the enchantresss, we could reason that the Good and Evil angels are merely objectifications of Faustus ‘ scruples and personality. The incarnation of his scruples upon the phase would expose to a modern-day audience a conflict between adult male and immorality, to modern audiences it shows a battle with the ego, one which Faustus rapidly looses. He states that it is non merely the words of Valdes and Cornelius that have persuaded him to rehearse the dark humanistic disciplines, but ‘mine ain phantasy ‘ ( 103: 1 ) . Eliot argued for the ‘alarming importance ‘ ( 96 ) of personality. He surmises that ‘strong passion is merely interesting or important in strong work forces ; those who abandon themselves without opposition to exhilarations which tend to strip them of ground, go merely instruments of feeling and free their humanity ‘ ( 97 ) . This is the instance with Faustus and Macbeth, who separately abandon all oppositi on to their desires, non because of the Devil, but because of their ‘strong passion ‘ . Contemporary histories of Marlowe ‘s decease vary greatly yet are all belittling. Thomas Beard remarked that Marlowe died as a consequence of his profane furies, stating ‘He even cursed and blasphemed to his last gaspe ‘ ( 11 ) . Marlowe was besides likened to the Satan, with his decease being described as him holding ‘yielded up his stinking breath ‘ ( 12 Meres ) , about as though he had been exorcised. However, as the supernatural belief that grasped England began to loosen, the superstitious notion was stripped back from his individual and he was appreciated as a complex and misunderstood author. Faustus was besides studied as an person instead than an agent of immorality. Faustus besides began to have the same intervention. Later critics began to look at Faustus as an person, instead than a despicable misbeliever. William Hazlitt radius of ‘the freshness of the imaginativeness ‘ ( 17 ) , and while his lecherousness for power is still ackn owledged, it is understood in the context of a adult male whose ‘unhallowed wonder ‘ ( 16 Drake ) spurred him to the border of the huge abysm of the unknown that the Renaissance civilization of cognition ushered in. We can understand hence understand Faustus suicide as a merchandise of the race to get rid of the unknown. Macbeth has non been given the same intervention, as his homicidal workss mark a disturbed character instead than one of despairing wonder. Yet, like Faustus, he does embody †Everyman ‘ ( 24 Ellis-Fermour ) , as he is driven by the destructive forces of the pandemonium that marred Shakespeare ‘s clip, that potentially could impact anyone with a desire for power.

Essay about Mexico and Osorio Chong

Essay about Mexico and Osorio Chong Essay about Mexico and Osorio Chong Manuel cyclones in the Pacific, and Ingrid, in the Atlantic, have stopped beating Mexico, but the balance after passing is shocking: at least 101 dead, 68 missing, 200,000 people who have lost their homes and about 60,000 evacuees after a week of storms. But in addition to these figures, the storm has left doubt whether much of the tragedy would not be attributable to poor forecasting. 's first statement that warned of the occurrence of cyclones was September 11, but not until four days after met the Directorate of Civil Protection. After the 1985 earthquake, Mexico to extremes citizenship education and spared no means to address new seismic materials, but have not developed similar policies to address these phenomena. And some voices, like the governor of Guerrero, Angel Aguirre, have condemned the "corruption" that has allowed to build houses in inappropriate places. The death toll has continued to grow in recent days. This Saturday, the Interior Ministry has confirmed the deaths of five crew of a Black Hawk helicopter rescue performed in the State of Guerrero, the most affected by Manuel. The aircraft disappeared on Thursday after taking off from the port of Acapulco to carry supplies to the community of La Pintada in Atoyac de Alvarez, near the Pacific coast. In that same village in the mountains, 68 people are still missing after an avalanche reports from the area Chouza Paula. President Enrique Pena Nieto said that practically "no hope" of finding alive any of the missing of La Pintada. â€Å"The amount of land that buried more than 40 houses in this small community house hardly leaves us hoping to find people alive," he announced. Approximately 60,000 people have been evacuated from their homes and 43,000 have been transferred to more than fifty hostels in different parts of Mexico. few 900 centers collect food and toiletries to help those affected, and there are several bank accounts enabled make donations. The cyclones have caused damage "incalculable" throughout the country, has recognized Osorio Chong on Radio Formula. The Government will have to pay about 40,000 million pesos (3,000 million dollars) just to fix the roads, according to the Secretary of Communications and Transport, Gerardo Ruiz Esparza. At least 72 roads were damaged in the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, Michoacn, Chiapas, Colima, Veracruz and Sinaloa. The governor of Guerrero has estimated the damage to his state $ 380 million. Tens of thousands of tourists were trapped up to five days in Acapulco after cutting the Autopista del Sol, which connects the tourist resort with Mexico City. On Friday night, about 50,000 people had managed to leave the city by road or air, according to

Colonial Rhode Island with Bibliography essays

Colonial Rhode Island with Bibliography essays Colonial Rhode Islands communities, a group of people in an area with a common goal, beliefs were surprisingly common to the beliefs of my culture of Omaha. Including are religious beliefs And the government beliefs. The cultural diffusion, bringing one culture into another, between the Natives and Colonists was amazing. You cant be ethnocentric, viewing anothers culture by ones standards, when viewing the beliefs. The Baptist church formed in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1639. Quakers merged with the Antinomians, the natives, and established a meeting house in 1657. This soon became a powerful force in the colony's ethical life. A Jewish Church, a religious group, was established in Newport in 1658. Puritans, very religious people, were also there setting up places for them to go. Rhode Islands religious belief was very much like Omahas today, which is that anyone can have any religion they want without being punished. The Puritans believed in hard work, and they worked every day and never took it easy, these people made Rhode Island very productive. The Lower class, a person with a low social status, was the hardest working. Social loafing, when one slacks off in a group, was not accepted at all, this is somewhat the same in Omaha. They were most productive in the industries of trading, shipping, lumbering, and fishing. Omaha is most productive in manufacturing, financial, and consumer goods. Fishing was one of the biggest industries in Rhode Island, one out of every seven men took place in fishing. In Omaha fishing is not a big source of income because there is not a big water body by Omaha. Rhode Island did use money, Rhode Island was the first to use and introduce the five dollar bill that is much like the one used in Omaha today. Rhode Island's government was very much like ours today. For an amount of years it shared two capitols, Newport and Providence. There was a chief state offic...

How To Write Headlines That Drive Traffic, Shares, and SEO

How To Write Headlines That Drive Traffic, Shares, and SEO This isnt the first time youve read a post about How To Write The Best  Headlines. Heck, weve even written multiple posts on the subject  ourselves (and plan to write more): Recommended Reading: Why Headlines Came To Rule The Content Marketing World Proof That Emotional Headlines Get Shared More On Social Media We Analyzed Nearly 1 Million Headlines. Here’s What We Learned Here Are The 101 Catchy Blog Title Formulas That Will Boost Traffic By 438% 43 Data-Driven Headline Ideas From 1,000 Of The Most Popular Posts Thats why were not going to waste your time talking  about how important it is to write great  headlines. Its pretty obvious: You want more traffic. Thats why you want more people to find you with search engines. And you want your customers to find your content so valuable that they share it with their networks. And to get technical, you want all that traffic to convert into paying customers. After all, thats the goal of content marketing, isnt it? Writing great  headlines  is one of the best ways to  make your content shareable, get found on search engines, and grow your traffic. Since writing awesome headlines is so important,  we thought a tool to help you write the best  headlines would be right up your alley. How To Write #Headlines That Drive Traffic, Shares, and Search ResultsWrite Better Headlines With 's  Free Headline Analyzer The  headline analyzer is one of the most popular tools we've built. If you've never used it before,  try giving it a shot. Now, for anyone who wants to learn the science behind writing the best  headlines, here's how to  do it. We've put a lot of time into researching what makes an awesome headline. The headline analyzer combines all of that research to scrutinize  your headlines for quality metrics that will most likely result in more  social shares, SEO value, and traffic. All you have to do is type your headline into the headline analyzer, hit "Analyze Now", and the tool provides  a report with those  quality metrics. This Headline Analyzer Makes My Headlines Awesome:  http://.com/headline-analyzerHow Good Are Your Headlines? We recently heard a  Chief Financial Officer speak about setting goals. One  takeaway stuck with us: "What's your number?" He asked,  "If you prioritized  one metric to make a true impact, what would it be?" The headline analyzer does exactly this for your headlines. You get to see your overall headline score (on a scale from 0–100). Your "number" to shoot for is anything above a score of 70. That's how you can gauge how good your headline is. Once you know your headline's score- especially if you're a bit short from your goal of 70 or more- you can use the headline analyzer  to understand areas where you're doing really well or discover the parts you can improve. Incorporate  Keywords To Write The Best  Headlines A big part of content marketing is creating content that is valuable enough to be sought out by your audience. To help your  audience find your content, you need to make sure your headlines use the words those folks are  searching for. Create Content Valuable Enough To Be Sought Out By Your AudienceEvery great  headline focuses on  a keyword. Heck, the long tail keyword for this post is "how to write headlines." The headline analyzer will show you the main keywords it assumes your content is  about. If your keywords aren't quite what you need them to be, this is an opportunity to improve. Use that keyword in your URL slug, meta description, subheads, images, graphics, first sentence, last sentence, and body copy. Using your  keyword throughout the content- combined with your headline- lets search engines know that your headline really does cover the content in the article. Pro tip: Avoid click bait headlines (that don't necessarily include a keyword in  your content) to get click-throughs. If you want your content to be found in search engines like Google, be honest and use a solid keyword that covers the main points of your content. What Types Of Blog Post Headlines Are The Best? There are a ton of different types of headlines you could write. Some get more traction than others as far as shares, SEO juice, and traffic. The headline analyzer helps you categorize your headline ideas: List Post Headlines List post headlines provide ambiguity about the post itself, while arousing your audience's curiosity. You've seen these everywhere. And for good reason. List posts work.  Buzzsumo teamed up with OkDork to share data that basically says list posts get the most social shares after infographics. These headlines give your readers the chance to skim your subheads to see if they'd like to dive in further. Pro tip: If you can outline your blog posts as lists, use list post headlines to get the most social shares from your content. "How To" Headlines Like list posts, you've seen a lot of "how to" headlines. That's because... well, they work. When your audience searches for information, it could be because they want to know how to do something better. That's where you can step in and provide helpful content to position your business as a source of relevant and useful information. Brian Clark from Copyblogger has some awesome things to say about "how to" headlines: It's no secret that 'how to' articles ...  are some of the most sought after, linked to, and bookmarked content online. - Brian Clark I couldn't have said it better. Pro tip:  "How to"  headlines are an obvious choice if you're writing educational content that helps your audience do something. Question Headlines Question headlines  focus on an audience's needs and imply an answer if they  just click through to read your content. These  headlines  are super helpful and relate to how people naturally search for answers: "I have a question. I should ask someone to get the answer." The thing is, instead of asking a person, people are turning to search engines like Google. So figuring out exactly how your audience is  asking their questions- then using those keywords in your headline- might be a great way to get the traffic you're looking for. Of course, there are multiple ways to use questions in your headlines- not just the problem and solution method. You could imply a "yes" or "no" response, or one that draws on emotions. Pro tip: Be careful when using question headlines. At least tease the answer to the question in your introduction to keep readers interested. Generic Headlines If list post, "how to", and question headlines are among the best types of headlines, generic post headlines are a warning that you might be able to improve. If you have a generic headline, the headline analyzer will let you know. This is an opportunity to change the structure of your headline to improve your headline score. Pro tip: Avoid generic headlines whenever you can. List post, "how to", and question headlines have a better opportunity to get social shares, traffic, and overall SEO value. Review Your Word Balance To Write The Best  Headlines For any post, you'll want a nice balance among common, uncommon, emotional, and power words. A structure like this helps your post remain readable while commanding attention from your audience. Just type your headline into the headline analyzer to see the categories in which  your words fall. After you modify your headline a few times, you'll get a feel for which words fall into the four categories. But just to give you some background, here's how your word balance  works: Common Words Should Make Up  20–30% Of Your Headline Common words are ones you use all the time. Common words  pull your headlines together in a way that makes sense for readability. Since commonly occurring words provide  the basic structure of your headlines, they should make up about 20–30% of the words in your headlines. Uncommon Words Should Be About 10–20% Of Your Headline Uncommon words are unique enough to grab your readers' attention. These words provide substance in your headline. A mix of 10–20% uncommon words in your headlines should do the trick. Emotional Words Make A  Good Headline At 10–15% Density Emotional words in your headlines entice your audience to click through to read your post. And once they're reading your posts with emotional headlines, your readers are more likely to share them. You have a good headline if 10–15% of the words in your headline are emotional. Power Words: Use At Least One In Your Headline Like emotional words, power words are usually phrases that are well-known for inciting action. Power words  are uniquely different than emotional  words because they are a bit out of the ordinary. These words inspire an emotion or call to action without a lot of context. Power words are typically rarely used words or phrases that almost guarantee some clicks through to your blog posts. Great headlines have at least one power word in them. Find The Best Length For Your Blog Post Headlines Optimal Character Length + Google = Most Click-Throughs Did you know headlines that are 55 characters long get the highest number of click-throughs? You probably  already look at your word count, but characters matter, too. The headline analyzer also shows you how your post will look in a typical Google search. Keep in mind that Google also recently updated the maximum length of title tags. While they were previously limited to a width of 512 pixels (roughly 50-55 characters), the world's most popular search engine now displays up to 70 characters in SERPs. Are You Using Headlines As Email Subject Lines? You get 20 characters before the average email subject line  is cut off. If you can revise your headline, use your keyword in the first 20 characters to help your audience understand what the email is about. According to the old journalism idiom: Don't bury the lede. It's more important in subject lines than anywhere else to make sure your keyword is in the first 20 characters. Amount Of Words Headlines with 6–7 words typically get the best results. However, different sources say  different things about how many words to use in your headlines. A fairly standard best practice is to let 10 words be the maximum you'd ever want to use in a headline. That said, there are six words that matter the most in every blog post headline: the first three and the last three. Most readers tend to read the first three and the last three words of a headline. This is just another reason to get your keyword within the first 20 characters of your headline. Sunshine And Rainbows Make Fantastic Headlines Is your headline positive or negative? Research proves  that positive headlines that convey stronger emotions tend to perform better than negative sentiment. When we researched the emotional marketing value of headlines, we  looked at Dr. Hakim Chishti's work. He found that emotional language creates a very predictable response. Headlines that affect very strong emotions- whether positive or negative- often get the best results. If your headline falls in the middle of these extremes, it'll probably get less traction. To connect that research with your headline: Strongly positive emotions tend to get shared more  than anything else. You can go negative, but it can be difficult to nail perfectly. Headlines With Strongly Positive Emotions Get Shared MoreThe headline analyzer points this out so you can modify your headline from the get-go. Write Better Blog Post Headlines To Get Better Results We know from Copyblogger that eight of ten people- a staggering 80% of your audience- will only see your headlines and nothing else. Only two of those ten- 20%- will read your article. Your headline exists to entice your readers to dig deeper into your content. As they dig deeper, your traffic grows. If your audience really enjoys what you have to say, they'll share it with their networks. And once that happens, you should get more traffic- and therefore rise in the ranks of the search engines. It all begins with a few simple words, right? So if you spend your time writing an awesome post, you should pay attention to the science of making the headline awesome, too.

Organization (Mod 3 SLP PoM) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organization (Mod 3 SLP PoM) - Essay Example This essay includes three parts mainly highlighting the importance of organizing within a military contracting organization, named Northbridge Services Group. Along with this, it also includes the role played by various elements like work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control and centralization or decentralization of organizing in different organizational structures. Organizing is described as a procedure which includes vivid planning and scheduling of varied ideas and information in order to reduce the negative impacts and to enhance the success of the plan or strategy like restructuring or alliance or others. The concept of organizing is used so that the plan or strategy gets accepted by all the employees thereby enhancing its scope of success (Vlasic, 2013). Thus, it is extremely essential for any organization, operating in any segment. Likewise, the concept of organizing is also essential for a military contracting company named Northbridge Services Group, as it offers varied types of services like advices, trainings, operational and intelligent support and many others to governments, multi-national corporations and many others. So, for them, organizing is extremely essential in order to offer their services appropriately that may enhance their level of standards and brand value (Higgins & Green, 2012). Organizational design is described as the structure of an organization. It varies from one organization to another like simple, hierarchical, matrix and many others. On the basis of the structure of the organization, the roles and responsibilities of the employees are delegated. Like, the organization of Northbridge Services Group comprises of a simple structure. In this type of structure, maximum extent of the decisions is taken by the high level authorities of the organization. Along with this, grouping of job responsibilities (decentralization), work specialization or job distribution, unity of command or

The Role of Image in the Formation of Foreign Policy Essay

The Role of Image in the Formation of Foreign Policy - Essay Example For instance, a country that is shrewd in policy making that result in numerous conflicts with other nations will be regarded as hostile and thus the kind of image that it portrays to the world will be negative. It means that any country that will want to engage with this particular nation will have to do due diligence in their policy formulation to incorporate the hostility aspect that is often associated with this country (Smith, Hadfield and Dunne, 2012). In most cases, most nations that are conservative in nature will avoid any form of engagement with this government simply because of the negative image that it has previously portrayed. For instance, a country like the United Kingdom is very conservative and rational in its dealings this enhances its overall image to the world as many other nations will take it as a model nation in their operations. Therefore, whenever they are formulating their policies, they will most likely incorporate the best engagement terms with this country just from the image that it portrays from its mode of governance (Stephenson, 2009). Perception is yet another defining factor of how a nation will structure its foreign policy; take an example in the event of a disaster like a terrorist attack or a tsunami that has swept across a city killing thousands of people. Several nations will stand in solidarity with the affected through sending messages of condolences or offering aid to the victims. These acts o f philanthropy in such situation carry a high perception of how an individual nation feels for the other. The knowledge that a country gets from such actions significantly influences the terms of engagement between the countries, especially when crafting a foreign policy regarding that nation (Stephenson, 2009). Numerous factors are taken into account by countries whenever they are coming up with their foreign policy.

COMMUNICATING RISK-POST KATRINA BY PETE CALI Assignment

COMMUNICATING RISK-POST KATRINA BY PETE CALI - Assignment Example The 1978 map below shows the impact of the growth population on the sypress swamp areas are more land was reclaimed to pave way for resettlement implying that the city was barely protected from any hurricane flooding. The encroachment and growth of the population behind the hurricane protection system indicates the level of confidence the people had in the engineering projects to protect them from floods. The Katrina had devastating effects in the city of New Orleans. Firstly, ninety-five percent of homes in New Orleans East were flooded while 10,000 homes in the Greater New Orleans area were destroyed. Secondly, the Katrina destroyed vital infrastructure such as roads, sewerage, gas and water pumping stations, hospitals and public transportation. Thirdly, the Katrina destroyed approximately 160 miles of flood protection levees and floodwalls at the London Avenue Canal, the Inner Harbor Navigation Canal and the 17th Street Canal. According to Pete Cali, the Katrina caused 50 breaches in the hurricane protection system. Forty-six of these breaches were caused by overtopping that caused excessive scour at the floodwall base or levee toe and four were caused by floodwall failures due to water loads within the design conditions. Cali argues that these failures were imbedded in three engineering mistakes namely: insufficient levee height, the use of substandard soil in the construction of the levee and inadequate definition of possible failure mechanisms. Despite the devastating impact of the Katrina on the city of New Orleans, it is imperative to note that the heart of the City, especially the French Quarter, the Garden District and the Saint Charles Avenue were spared from severe damage. However, the damage can still be felt in the Ninth Ward and the New Orleans East whose water supply and sewerage system is yet to be repaired and the housing facilities are barely enough to accommodate half the pre-Katrina population. Due to the limitations in the tax revenue,

Website Critique of Novotel Hotel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Website Critique of Novotel Hotel - Essay Example Novotel conducts business in both Brick & Mortar and Click & Mortar modes. Novotel has got offices and a chain of luxurious hotels in major cities all over the world. They provide residential and event arrangement services as well as consultancy for travelling and tourism ventures. Novotel can be approached by conventional means i.e.any one can walk into the office and acquire their services or hire their expertise, such a setup is referred to as Brick & Mortar. Companies and business that do business online as well as by conventional means are referred to as Click & Mortar. Click and Mortar is quite different from pure Click setups yet it is possible to get mixed up between the two. How ever the basic difference is that pure click setups only offer their services online where as Click & Mortar setups do business both online as well as the old fashioned face to face way. Novotel tries to attract individual tourists to use their services in the long run and facilitates its customers in great deal. Novotel offers several packages for summer tours, family packages which are all aimed at locating travelers and tourists round the world in specific seasons. The company wants to retain its customers in the long run and offers several products like loyalty card which provides several facilitations to the customers. Here the web portal acts like a Business to Customer portal i.e. B2C. Novotel intends to attract corporations for establishing their corporate business model. Novotel accomplishes this by offering to organize their business meetings, dinners/lunches, meetings, seminars, conferences and other events at their prime locations. With all these services Novotel secures clients in the corporate sector who need arrangements for their new product launching ceremonies at their premises. Novotel also offers special rates to the corporate delegates, business tour plans and wants to establish long term business relationships with the corporate

English-Only Debated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English-Only Debated - Essay Example It can also be defined as an easily accessible artistic mode of expression that points out, in a wide range of mediums, criticisms and oppositions to social, political ,economic or other circumstances in the community that are of high concern (Duncombe, 4-5). Consequently, cultural resistance mainly intends to raise awareness of the issue and then calls for justice on the part of the oppressed, this implies that it exist for a reason and not just for the sake of sympathy or pity. This article addresses creative cultural resistance in the American society with focus on English language There has been a raging debate on cultural dissent and language in regard to what it mean for one to say, â€Å"I am American?† The law provides these answers in technical sense: as to be one that falls under a statutory or constitutional category having full participation and membership rights in the American polity (Del 55). The main ones, with few minor exceptions, are birth within the United States, birth to American parents overseas, and legal naturalization, all regulated by the federal government. If this is the case why do when family, friends, co-workers, and or even our general acquaintances refer to themselves as who they are, the response is too often either Italian, Irish, German, Greek, or French and so on, however, in reality they're not, they’re simply American. This false mindset of what people perceive themselves to be leads to a stronger divide, separation, and cultural resistance between the people within our society both politically and culturally, while deteriorating the true identity and morals of what it means to be an American which can be found deep as its foundation. In spite of this, calling oneself â€Å"Irish† can give way to a sense of pride and belonging to a unique nation, with a heritage of great deeds and tragic flaws, a set of ideals, and a singularly commanding and demanding position in today’s world. As discussed by Rogers M. Smith, for many Americans alike, the sentence â€Å"I am Irish† is also a revelation of their sense of attachment at the deepest emotional level to unique culture and moral standards. It has then much more than merely legal meaning; it evokes a statement of political and personal identity that is complex, powerful, and often contradictory to the ideas and sentiments for both American and non-Americans similarly (Del 55). Retrospectively, this divides our country; the false sense of attachment due to pride drives both natives and immigrants towards specific towns or counties while steering them away from others. The culture and customs of one's heritage often differs greatly between an American native and ones ancestry within a home country. Since the United States is an immigrant society, putting as much of your message as possible into words is important in order to let people know where one is coming from. People try to remove the possibility of misassumptions as they believe everyone is different and the degree which they are involved in the majority culture varies (Jasper, 19-25). The Japanese view their country differently; they’re racially and culturally homogeneous with a long history of tradition, so it is assumed that everyone knows and will play by the unspoken rules of the majority culture. The two cultures are both different from each other while have very little in common. When Japanese-Americans refer to themselves as Japanese they’re merely holding themselves to a lie. More than forty percent of the population of Japanese immigrants predominantly resides in Hawaii and despite gigantic differences in cultural tradition and descent the majority continues to call themselves Japanese. Rather than United States citizens,

Will be provide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Will be provide - Essay Example The steady-state gain and the time constant were determined by performing two trials using variant voltage inputs in the step input part of the experiment. The time constants for the first and the second trial were 0.196s and 0.176s respectively. Through dividing the change in the output voltage by the input voltage, the steady-state gain was determined. The relationship or connection between the natural frequency and the damping ratio could be seen in the position control section of the experiment. There was an increase in the natural frequency and a decrease in the damping ratio as the error feedback increased. When a comparison of the observed data was made to the theoretically obtained values, the difference was approximately double. When the error feedback was more that 90%, the system seemed unstable. Upon the introduction of tacho feedback, while keeping the error feedback constant, a significant increase in the damping ratio was observed. The system was damped and indicated a faster response with the tacho feedback. The experiment proved to be so useful as it enabled the observation of characteristics and relationships of the servo-motor control though the theoretical values differed slightly with the experimental values Calculations involving the steady-state parameters were done in the initial experiment. The tachogenerator and motor speed gains were determined by plotting graphs of tachogenerator voltage vs. motor speed and motor speed vs. input voltage. Tachogenerator gain was found to be 1.6579 V/(rad/s) with the motor speed recording a 12.564 (rad/s)/ V gain. An analysis of graph 4.4.1.2 and Graph 4.4.1.1 depicted a constant linear relationship. With increasing motor speed, the voltage of the tachogenerator increased. An increase in the input voltage also led to an increase in the motor speed. The graphs 4.4.1.3 and graph 4.4.1.4 showed the plot of feedback pot and position pot against the servo angle. The plot of feedback pot

English-Only Debated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English-Only Debated - Essay Example It can also be defined as an easily accessible artistic mode of expression that points out, in a wide range of mediums, criticisms and oppositions to social, political ,economic or other circumstances in the community that are of high concern (Duncombe, 4-5). Consequently, cultural resistance mainly intends to raise awareness of the issue and then calls for justice on the part of the oppressed, this implies that it exist for a reason and not just for the sake of sympathy or pity. This article addresses creative cultural resistance in the American society with focus on English language There has been a raging debate on cultural dissent and language in regard to what it mean for one to say, â€Å"I am American?† The law provides these answers in technical sense: as to be one that falls under a statutory or constitutional category having full participation and membership rights in the American polity (Del 55). The main ones, with few minor exceptions, are birth within the United States, birth to American parents overseas, and legal naturalization, all regulated by the federal government. If this is the case why do when family, friends, co-workers, and or even our general acquaintances refer to themselves as who they are, the response is too often either Italian, Irish, German, Greek, or French and so on, however, in reality they're not, they’re simply American. This false mindset of what people perceive themselves to be leads to a stronger divide, separation, and cultural resistance between the people within our society both politically and culturally, while deteriorating the true identity and morals of what it means to be an American which can be found deep as its foundation. In spite of this, calling oneself â€Å"Irish† can give way to a sense of pride and belonging to a unique nation, with a heritage of great deeds and tragic flaws, a set of ideals, and a singularly commanding and demanding position in today’s world. As discussed by Rogers M. Smith, for many Americans alike, the sentence â€Å"I am Irish† is also a revelation of their sense of attachment at the deepest emotional level to unique culture and moral standards. It has then much more than merely legal meaning; it evokes a statement of political and personal identity that is complex, powerful, and often contradictory to the ideas and sentiments for both American and non-Americans similarly (Del 55). Retrospectively, this divides our country; the false sense of attachment due to pride drives both natives and immigrants towards specific towns or counties while steering them away from others. The culture and customs of one's heritage often differs greatly between an American native and ones ancestry within a home country. Since the United States is an immigrant society, putting as much of your message as possible into words is important in order to let people know where one is coming from. People try to remove the possibility of misassumptions as they believe everyone is different and the degree which they are involved in the majority culture varies (Jasper, 19-25). The Japanese view their country differently; they’re racially and culturally homogeneous with a long history of tradition, so it is assumed that everyone knows and will play by the unspoken rules of the majority culture. The two cultures are both different from each other while have very little in common. When Japanese-Americans refer to themselves as Japanese they’re merely holding themselves to a lie. More than forty percent of the population of Japanese immigrants predominantly resides in Hawaii and despite gigantic differences in cultural tradition and descent the majority continues to call themselves Japanese. Rather than United States citizens,

Investment Advisors Small Business - Business Plan Essay

Investment Advisors Small Business - Business Plan - Essay Example Institutions, which would be discussed in this section, are Royal Bank of Canada, LBMC and FiduciaryVest. Royal Bank of Canada (RBC): Established back in the year 1869, RBC is Canada’s largest bank in terms of asset value and market capitalization. The institution consistently receives high credit ratings both from Moody’s Investor Services and Standard & Poor’s. This has helped the company to gain the trust of the prospective investors. The advisory service of RBC caters to the high net worth private clients and niche corporate and institutional clients across the globe. Other than investment advice, they offer complimentary financial plans and wealth consultations, guided by RBC experts (RBC, 2010, p.1-2). LBMC: LBC Investment Advisors, LLC, has been ranked among the top financial planning firms in US. The ranking was done by CPA Wealth Provider on the basis of assets under management. The financial institution has more than $ 300 million under its management and it has been experiencing sustainable and continual growth in the industry (LBMC, 2010). FiduciaryVest: FiduciaryVest is an employee owned independent investment advisory firm. They offer consulting service and advice which is in accordance to the interests of the clients. They assist their clients to analyze the assets, develop investment policy, goals and guidelines and design the investment portfolio by fulfilling the objectives of the investors only to optimize their profitability (FiduciaryVest, 2007). So, it seems that there are many institutions which are ready to challenge the new entrants in this industry. The new institution must possess some competitive advantage to sustain its existence in the long run. The company was established by three people, Carol Buckalew, Arnold Jones and Richard Small. Carol is a CFA with more than 15 years of

A Case Study Of The Code Switching Patterns English Language Essay

A Case Study Of The Code Switching Patterns English Language Essay The study investigates the use of Lithuanian and English and code-switching between the two in a family of Lithuanian-English bilinguals living in London. The data was collected by means of recording in the family home. The recording was then transcribed and analysed, allowing me to identify a number of features of the features of the language choice and code-switching patterns. These included convergence or divergence from the viewpoint of the previous speaker, lexical need, translation to allow for greater fluency in the conversation, trigger words and the perceived identity of the speaker. I conclude from these observations that code-switching can be seen as a versatile and fluid phenomenon which allows the speaker greater freedom of expression and performs a number of functions, both social and pragmatic. The speakers use their languages to This dissertation looks at bilingual conversations between family members in a family environment. The main focus of the work is the strategic use of code-switching. My particular interest is on how different members of the family use code-switching in order to express their national and individual identity and how this usage reflects their attitudes towards their languages. Theoretical background to the study: Bilingualism A fact frequently mentioned in bilingual studies is that over half the world is bilingual (Hoffmann 1991). However, patterns of individual language use within bilingual communities are diverse and it has been claimed that bilingualism is more common in unilingual countries (Mackey 1970). Lithuania has a high level of bilingualism with over 70% of the residents being multilingual (http://www.stat.gov.lt/en/). Language use is influenced by social circumstances, especially with regard to the communicative situation in which the language is employed. Bilingualism, however, is not automatically sustained without regular exchanges in the pertinent languages. (Ervin-Tripp and Reyes 2005). Languages amongst second generation immigrants seem to be maintained in strong correlation to the amount of exposure within the home. Mackey Bilingualism Reader page 35. The level of language proficiency and performance are affected by the intention of the speaker and the kinds of actions taken in order to satisfy that function. The attitude of a speaker towards his or her language is a major factor in their language behaviour. A speaker who feels ashamed of his or her level of a particular language may use this less frequently or only use it in certain company. Certain languages carry political associations and can be unpopular for this reason -for example, Russian was unpopular in many countries in the Soviet Union. Bilingual immigrant children may associate their second language with that of their friends and social life and have a more positive outlook towards this (Lambert et al 1958 see Bilingualism a reader for ref). Code-switching Code-switching is remarkably common in language contact situations, especially within plurilingual societies. The majority of code-switching studies have concentrated on the social motivation behind the switches (e.g. Myers-Scotton 1993) in addition to grammatical or syntactical constraints or psychological mechanism (e.g. Grosjean 2001). Alternation between languages seems to depend on a number of factors., including the conversational topic of the speaker, the person to whom he or she is speaking and the level of tension which he or she feels when taking part in the conversation for example when very tired, nervous, or angry. Myers Scotton (1993) amongst others has pointed out that bilinguals use code-switching in order to make the greatest use of their linguistic repertoire. For many bilinguals this is a part of their daily life. In multilingual societies this would take place in a variety of contexts, but in the UK this is most commonly found at home in a family environment. For this reason the study focuses on a family conversation. Age is a major factor for consideration in the study of language use within a family. For younger immigrants bilingualism can be a short process which can lead to the second language overtaking the first if home is the only environment in which the first language is utilised. (Tits 1959 see bilingualism reader for ref). The study of younger immigrants is specialised as their stability in their first language needs to be considered whereas with older immigrants their first language is far more fixed and stable. 1.1.2 Lithuania and the Lithuanian language According to the Office for National Statistics (www.statistics.gov.uk), an estimated 74,000 Lithuanians lived in the UK in 2010. Lithuania became independent from the Soviet Union in 1990 and became a member of NATO and the European Union in spring 2004. Since Lithuanian independence many changes have taken place and popular culture is highly influenced by Western Europe and the USA. An important change regarding language is that many young people are now able to speak English or another foreign language, and have little knowledge of the Russian language. In Soviet times the very large majority of the population was fluent in Russian. More than 70% of Lithuanians living in Lithuania in September 2012 are bi- or multilingual. (http://www.stat.gov.lt/en/) Russian is still the most widely spoken second language with English now the second. (Statistics Lithuania 2008). The total worldwide Lithuanian-speaking population is estimated at about 3,100,000 (2011, http://www.indexmundi.com/lithuania/demographics_profile.html), about 2.9 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 200,000 abroad (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language). The Lithuanian language is a Baltic language which has been influenced by both Russian and Finnish, but retains many pure features of archaic Indo-European. The Russian language was particularly influential during the period of Soviet rule. Lithuanian is an inflectional language with seven cases and is gendered. The Lithuanian alphabet consists of 32 letters in the Latin alphabet using diacritical marks. There are two main dialects which differ significantly from each other: AukÃ…Â ¡taiÄ iÃ…Â ³ (AukÃ…Â ¡taitian, Highland Lithuanian) and Ã…Â ½emaiÄ iÃ…Â ³/Ã…Â ½emaitiu (Samogitian, Lowland Lithuanian). The family studied here speak standard or Highland Lithuanian. 1.1.3 Key terms Bilingualism Definitions of bilingualism vary greatly. Bloomfield (1933) describes it as: native-like control of two languages. However, this focus on the level of proficiency in each language does not refer to the use or function performed by the language. Definitions which are based on function take into account the fact that language is a communicative tool rather than an abstract entity. Weinreich (1953) describes bilingualism as: The practice of alternately using two languages. Els Oksaar (1983) takes function and proficiency into account in her definition of the ability of a person to use here and now two or more languages as a means of communication in most situations and to switch from one language to the other if necessary (p. 19). Hoffmann (1991) points out that bilingualism is relative, and although there have been many attempts to define it, none of these is equally valid. She suggests that a useful approach could be to form a bilingual profile for each individual, accounting for vari ables such as the language development and maintenance of the languages, their sequential relationship, the competence in each, functional aspects, linguistic features, attitudes and environmental circumstances. The term balanced bilingual is used to describe a speaker who has equal command of both languages. However, Fishman et al (1971) point out that this situation is rare. Bilinguals who are equally fluent in both languages (as measured by their facility and correctness overall) are rarely equally fluent in both languages about all possible topics; this phenomenon is invariably a reflection of the fact that societal allocation of functions is normally imbalanced and in complementary distribution rather than redundant (Fishman et al, 1971, in MacSwan, 1999: 30) . Code-switching Definitions of code-switching vary significantly between researchers. Code is generally used as a synonym of language, although there is some debate on this point, Jakobson distinguishing between the two terms, asserting that languages do not consist of codes, but rather contain them (Jakobson 1971). Some see code-switching as being the insertion of whole utterances in a non-dominant language between sentences (Dahl, Rice et al. 2010). Borrowing generally refers to the insertion of a word or phrase within a sentence while retaining the syntax of the matrix language. Code-mixing However, there is little evidence at present that there is a significant difference between these types, and many see the difference as best expressed in terms of a continuum (Clyne 2000). Jeanine Treffers-Daller (1994- linguistic c-s) points out that many researchers see a difference between instances of code-switching and transfer or interference both of these terms referring to the influence of one languag e on another. However, she argues that these can be seen as similar as they involve the occurrence of aspects of one language in a section of another language. In the current work, the term code-switching will be used in its broadest sense to refer to the use of two or more languages used within a conversation or utterance, whether this be inter- or intra-sententially, unless a particular term is used by another researcher cited here. Throughout this work I will refer to inter-sentential and intra-sentential code-switching switches which occur between sentences or within them respectively as originally defined by Polack (1980). Crossing (also language crossing or code-crossing) refers to the use of a language or variety which isnt generally thought to belong to the speaker (Rampton, 1997, in Auer 1998P. Auer (ed) 1997/98 Code-switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and Identity (London: Routledge) Creolization is used here to mean the formation of a Creole language from the contact of a European language with a local language: http://oxforddictionaries.com Native speaker when used in this project refers to a person who has spoken the language in question from earliest childhood (http://oxforddictionaries.com). Rationale This is an ethnographic study using data obtained from naturally occurring speech of three bilinguals of differing levels of proficiency. The family were chosen as they are all first generation immigrants, bi- or tri-lingual and are integrated into British society while still retaining a sense of their Lithuanian identity through their visits to Lithuania and contact with Lithuanian friends and family. The mother, when collecting her son from school when he was about 5 years old, overheard him asking a friend: Did you know that I am half-Lithuanian? She then questioned him about why he thought he was only half Lithuanian when both his parents were Lithuanian. He answered that he was Lithuanian when he was at home because of his parents, but at school he was English because he spoke English there, and he knew he wasnt 100% Lithuanian, as he could not speak the language fluently. This biculturalism opens debate concerning the choice and use of language to broader issues such as identit y. Oksaar (1983) argues that an immigrants two languages usually perform distinct tasks and the distribution of the languages in relation to the cultural spheres may be a decisive factor for the immigrants degree of integration. This study aims to investigate how the level of proficiency in a language affects the code-switching patterns in this family and how the family members use their linguistic repertoire to express their identity as Lithuanian, English, or both. No attempt will be made in this work to examine grammatical restraints or features beyond a very basic level. Research Questions What are the language choices and code-switching patterns of the subjects in a family environment? Do the language choice and code-switching reflect on the proficiency level of the language used? What are the functional purposes of the code-switching? How are the individuals attitudes towards the two languages and their own identity reflected in their language behaviour? The first of these questions provides a general background on which the other questions are based. The second question relates the language choice and code-switching to the level of proficiency that the subjects have in the languages. Question 3 looks at the reasons behind the code-switching. Lastly, the final question examines if there is a relationship between the attitude of the individual and their language choices 1.4 Hypotheses That there is a correlation between the language choice and code-switching patterns of the speaker and their level of proficiency in that language. That the mother of the family, being the most balanced bilingual, will code-switch more frequently than the other two members of the family That the code-switching functions to facilitate understanding between all three members of the family and reflect their identities 1.5 Conclusion The structure of the paper is as follows: Chapter 1 has described the study and its aims. It has also given a brief summary of the key ideas which will be investigated and the terms which will be used throughout. The second chapter will review the literature which I feel is relevant and of interest to the present study. This will examine the perspectives on code-switching analysis, starting with the Rational Choice analysis. It will then examine Conversation Analysis as a tool for the analysis of code-switching data. Chapter 2 will also deal briefly with studies which look at the level of proficiency of the speakers and how this affects code-switching. The third chapter will describe the methodology used in the study including the research design issues and the positioning of the researcher. It will give an outline of the family background and history will then deal with the ethics, interviews and data collection which were carried out in order to conduct the research. A mention will also be made of the issues involved in data collection and the conventions used in the transcription as well as the methods used to analyse the data. Chapter 4 will look at the analysis of the data, dealing primarily with the research questions. It will examine the language choices of the subjects and how these choices reflect on the proficiency level of the participants in each language. It will then examine when the family code-switch when interacting and what the functional purposes of the code-switching appear to be. There will then be a discussion of how the language choices reflect the individuals attitudes towards the two languages. Chapter 5 concludes the study with a discussion of the implications of the findings and a summary of the research, looking at the limitations of the research and any further development required. Chapter 2 Review of relevant literature what about FAMILY studies and what is special about them? 2.1 Introduction QUOTATIONS ONE OR TWO PER PAGE In this chapter the literature concerned with the phenomenon of code-switching is examined to provide a conceptual framework. Studies have been carried out in this area from psycholinguistic, grammatical or sociolinguistic perspectives. This literature review will concentrate only on the sociolinguistic studies as these relate most closely to the research carried out. I will firstly consider the different perspectives on code-switching analysis Analyses based on the social connotations of the two languages and Conversation Analysis. I will then examine studies dealing with the level of proficiency of the speaker and how this affects code-switching practices. I will also briefly investigate studies of bilingual children before concluding by linking these studies to the study carried out here. The last forty or fifty years have seen a profusion of research carried out into reasons for code-switching and the different manifestations of the phenomenon. Studies in this area can be conducted for their own sake, in order to demonstrate characteristic features of a language. Code-switching is also studied in order to look at grammatical features or constraints across languages or for cognitive processing purposes. In addition code-switching can investigate the ways in which identities, be these individual or group, can be formed and demonstrated. It can also give additional meaning to an utterance which cannot be attributed to the meaning of the sum of individual words (Gardner-Chloros 2009) Code-switching is a conversational tool requiring competence pragmatically and grammatically (Koppe and Meisel 1995). Reasons why code-switching takes place are varied and complex. It is assumed to be related to the situational parameters of conversational topic, participant roles or the speech event itself (Auer 1995). However, intra-sentential code-switching may serve the purpose of emphasis, quoting another person, or to indicate a change in the participant addressed. It can also be used to indicate convergence or divergence from the previous participants statement (Zhu 2008). Inter-sentential code-switching can be used to fill gaps in lexical knowledge or to for emphasis (Zentella 1997) or to ask or answer rhetorical questions among other reasons. 2.2 Perspectives on code-switching analysis It is generally recognised that code-switching is meaningful from a social perspective. There are two broad schools of thought as to how this meaning is brought about. The first of these sees the choice of language as having a meaning, in terms of identity, views and values (Gumperz 1982, Myers-Scotton 1993). The other approach sees meaning as coming from the code-switching itself, that is, from within the conversation, rather than being reliant on external factors. This second approach concentrates on the sequences used and is generally studied using Conversational Analysis techniques. Increasingly researchers are favouring this second approach, as although it is widely acknowledged that social factors can play a significant role, this is not straightforward and cannot be assumed a priori (Cashman 2005, Williams 2005). 2.2.1 Analyses based on the social connotations of the two languages Language can be seen in terms of a we-code and they-code (Gumperz (1982). The we-code normally denotes a minority language linked to informal circumstances used by an in-group. The main community language, linked to formal circumstances, is a they-code. Typically in families in which the parents are immigrants to the UK, the parents will see their community language or mother tongue as the we-code and English as the they-code. Their children, however, brought up in the UK, are likely to feel that English is their we-code and to prefer to use this. Gumperz (1982) sees code-switching as meaningful from a social identity perspective. He carried out a study in Norway examining the use of Ranamal a local dialect, and Bokmal the standard language variety. These shared many similarities but were considered by speakers to be distinct. This distinction was important in order for the varieties to fulfil social functions. The local dialect was used with family, and to express local cultural identity, while the more standard variety was used in education and in the media. Many people switched between these two varieties depending on the topic of the conversation for example, an enquiry about family might be made in Ranamal, while Bokmal might be used while discussing business. Zhu Hua (2008) points out that a large body of evidence now indicates that there is no simple, one-to-one association between language and social values (p.1800) In an investigation into diasporic Chinese families in the UK, she examined the connection between social communication and socio-cultural values, focusing on code-switching between generations in conflict talk situations in which the speakers adopt different opinions on a subject. There appeared to be strategic language choices and positioning by the speakers. It appeared that code-switching functioned to focus the interactions between the speakers particularly when negotiating power relationships. Speakers showed convergence or divergence with the previous speakers view depending on their language choice speakers answering in the language in which they were addressed were is likely to be showing convergence. Investigations into non-Western code-switching have found evidence refuting the idea of different languages being associated with different groups. Stroud (1998) looked at the use of Tok Pisin, a national language, and Taiap, spoken by a tiny minority. It was found that no particular domain, subject or speech variety was spoken about in one language only. Rational choice analyses start from the basic standpoint of Gumperz (1982). The Markedness Model of Myers-Scotton (1993) makes the assumption that one language variety is always unmarked in any situation and that social norms act as constraints to speakers. She studied African urban communities and saw a distinction between the theories of allocation, where language behaviour is affected by the structure of society, and interaction, in which a person makes a rational selection to achieve a specific purpose. The mother tongue of the Kenyans studied was used with others of the same ethnic background and appeared to be important in terms of identity. It was also used for assistance from other members of the same group. English was used at home by those more affluent economically as it was assumed that this would help the children with their school education. The markedness idea is further developed in the Rational Choice Model (Myers-Scotton and Bolonyai 2001), which asserts that an unm arked choice is one in which the speaker chooses his or her language according to the conventions of the social norms. These norms can dictate that code-switching is in itself the choice which is unmarked. The Markedness Model appears to regard monolingualism as the starting point or norm and disregards variation between languages (Blommaert and Meeuwis 1998). The idea of strategic code-switching is also criticised as many see code-switching as an unconscious occurrence (Woolard 2004). This Rational Choice Model was employed by Alfaraz (2009) in a study of the use of Spanish and English in the Catholic mass. Quantitative analysis revealed a more frequent use of English than Spanish during the service, making English apparently the unmarked choice. On closer analysis, however, it could be seen that Spanish was used for the ritualistic areas of the service, making this the unmarked choice. Alfaraz asserted that pragmatic meaning was not conveyed though the directionality of switching in the data. Instead, code-switching seemed to be used to emphasise contextual information equivalent to what in monolingual settings is conveyed through prosody or other syntactic or lexical processes (Gumperz 1982 p.98). An example of this is in the use of pauses, which when between code-switched passages were found to be almost two seconds shorter than those between monolingual passages in the data, pointing towards the switching being used as a reinforcement of the effect of the paus e. The Rational Choice Model assumes that choices are made between codes according to external values. However, more recent thinking about how meanings can be interpreted has asserted that they can be interpreted from the conversation itself without the necessity of relating to external norms. Li Wei (1998) argues that code-switching can be used to show the authoritative level of the speaker and their preference linguistically. 2.2.3 Conversational analyses of code-switching see Nilep interactional section Macro-sociolinguistic aspects of code-switching, while giving a useful insight, can never determine absolutely code-switching. Gumperz (1982) maintained that in order to define the functions of code-switching a close and detailed analysis of conversation is necessary. On the basis of this he identified a list of six functions (quotation marking, addressee specification, interjection, reiteration, message qualification, and personalization versus objectivization. This list has led on to many other similar attempts to identify a list of code-switching functions (Romaine 1989; Nishimura 1997; Zentella 1997). These lists are problematic, however, as there are often problems with definition, as Auer (1995) points out. Although these may provide some useful guidelines, they are inadequate as a complete answer to the functions that code-switching carries out. .Auer (1984) claims that bilingual interaction is susceptible to local methods of language negotiation and code choice and is autonomous at one level from the larger ideological and societal structures to which it are related. Conversational analyses of code-switching focus on the actual interactions and the fulfilment of interactional goals which take place between the speakers rather than on external factors. Li Wei (2005) regards Conversation Analysis as an extension of Rational Choice analyses, but seeking evidence from talk-in-interaction rather than from external knowledge of community structure and relations (p.375). Myers-Scotton and Bolonyai (2001) have criticised this approach for the emphasis on transcriptions techniques and lack of focus on motivational choices. Li Wei (2002) claims that the conversational analysis approach is often used without explicit reference to the reasons why, but that it can demonstrate the motivation and intentions of the speaker in addition to r evealing the process of generating ordered activity . Code-switching is commonly believed to be related to other manifestations of bilingual or multilingual behaviour rather than an isolated occurrence. Translanguaging space covers a diversity of practices including code-switching, code-mixing, crossing and creolization. Li Wei (2010) studied the multilingual practices of three Chinese undergraduate maths students resident in Britain through Moment Analysis. This aims to capture seemingly spur-of-the-moment performances and to establish their causes and results. Speakers seemed to express their identities and create their own social spaces through utilization of the linguistic resources available to them. Translanguaging space can be a reflection of an individuals identity and demonstrates the way individuals use their linguistic resources to create their own space, rather than responding to external factors. Various patterns of interactions can be analysed in sequential code-switching Auer (1995). These can involve both the interlocutors speaking in different languages to each other, for example one person speaking consistently in English while the other replies in Lithuanian. However, this often leads to one interlocutor beginning to use the other language and becomes a monolingual conversation. When this pattern is seen it can indicate the preference of language by a speaker. It can also show the level of competence in a language (usually the speaker is more competent in his or her preferred language). It could indicate language choice for a social reason. Reyes (2004) states that code-switching can be used to extend communicative competence in situations where a single language is not adequate. Milroy and Wei (1995) claim that interlocutors decide on a language and that code-switching occurs within this. This code-switching becomes interactional in that participants often choose to speak in the language which best suits their interlocutor (Milroy and Li Wei, 1995). Their study found that Chinese immigrants to the UK varied in their language practices according to age, with the older generation preferring to use their Chinese mother tongue, and the younger generation showing a preference for English. Code-switching within this appeared to be used for repetition and emphasis, clarification and confirmation, as well as making language repairs (this last only amongst the adults). Critiques of Conversation Analysis claim that a focus too closely on conversation as the starting point for analysis in addition to not allowing macro-sociolinguistic evidence can result in unsatisfactory analysis of non-Western language behaviour. [L]anguage use and patterns of code-switching both structure and are structured by indigenous cultural practices (Stroud 1998 p.322). 2.3 Code-switching and level of proficiency Code-switching has traditionally been seen as the result of a lack of competence in one of the languages, or a practice which is lazy or inhibits language learning. Bullock and Toribio (2009) state that it is .à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ perceived by the general public as indicative of language degeneration (Bullock and Toribio 2009 p.1). However, studies have shown that these viewpoints do not reflect the truth (Hughes, Shaunessy et al. 2006). By focusing on code-switching as a resourceful process, it is possible to see the ways in which languages are used for communication and to advance learning (Liebscher and Dailey-OCain 2005). Weinreich (1953) described an idealised bilingual speaker who would use both codes distinctly. However, Grosjean (1997) has asserted that neither language system of a bilingual can be fully deactivated. This implies that bilinguals generally differ in some way from monolinguals, even in their principal language. Even the concept of the native speaker is now being cha llenged by code-switching practices (Gardner-Chloros 2009). The issue of the level of proficiency of the speaker and the effect of this on code-switching has long been under debate. McClure (1977) noted that the use of code-switching changes with age. Younger children were seen to code-switch nouns whereas older ones switched phrases and sentences, thus indicating that there is a level of proficiency which must be reached for code-switching to take place. However, according to Myers-Scotton (1993), there is no clear level of proficiency that a speaker must obtain in a second language in order for code-switching to take place. Code-switching has been seen as a strategy to cope with deficiencies in one or both of the languages (MacSwan 1999). These deficiencies were previously referred to as semilingualism (Cummins and Miramonte, 1989, in MacSwan, 1999) and were thought of as causing low academic achievement in multilingual children (Milroy and Muysken 1995, Tokuhama-Espinosa 2003). However, Li Wei (2000) points out that the term was used for ethnic minorities and not for the speakers of mainstream languages. Poplack (1980) was critical of the term for the implication that the speakers are not fully literate, and the stigma involved for those it referred to. Romaine (1995) points out that: Although it is popularly believed by bilingual speakers themselves that they mix or borrow because they do not know the term in one language or another, it is often the case that switching occurs most often for items which people know and use in both languages. The bilingual just has a wider choice at least when he or she is speaking with bilingual speakers. In effect, the entire second language system is at the disposal of the code-switcher. (1995, p. 143) A study carried out by Valadez, MacSwan and Martà ­nez