Cross Dressing

Cross dressing is viewed as one of society’s anomalous thoughts due to cliché sex jobs. Cliché sexual orientation jobs are expressed as, organic females are ladylike and natural guys are manly. Cross dressing doesn't speak to the sexual orientation explicit jobs; in which people are assume to follow. The possibility of people acting and dressing like their other gender is unsatisfactory to the truth that they face. The film The Bird Cage bolsters that society’s cliché sees on cross dressing stays unaltered. Society isn't comprehension of what is viewed as not quite the same as the typical. The generalization that men are manly and ladies are ladylike isn't the truth of sex versus sex. In â€Å"Sexual Mythologies† by Brian Pronger, he expresses that â€Å"Sex is a physiological qualification that is drawn among male and female, while sex is a social differentiation that partitions power among people. † (226) This speaks to the misinterpretation that men are manly and ladies are female. Actually sexual orientation is created by social impact, and sex is hereditary. In the film The Bird Cage, Albert is brought into the world a male, however decides to get ladylike, in this way proposing men don't need to be manly in light of the fact that hereditary qualities say as much. Cross dressing is characterized as men who dress female and ladies who dress manly, in spite of the fact that society responds more to men dressing as ladies rather than ladies dressing as men. Ladies dressing as men can be viewed as a â€Å"tomboy† which is normal in the public eye, while men dressing as ladies would be considered â€Å"homosexual or transsexual. † Why is it that ladies can wear men’s dress, however men can't wear women’s apparel? Society considers dresses to be a portrayal of womanliness and men are assume to be manly, and consequently men can't wear dresses. In spite of the fact that jeans are initially worn distinctly by men, but since of changes in time; pants are viewed as unisexual. For example, a lady strolling down the road in pants; individuals most likely don't see that she is wearing jeans. In any case, if a man strolls down the road in a dress, people’s eyes will turn and they will start murmuring. For what reason should a man be taken a gander at any distinctively in contrast with any lady? In the film The Bird Cage, the general public of South Beach is anything but a cliché standard. There are numerous gay and cross dressers inside the city, and it isn't viewed as unusual. Armand and Albert are pleased proprietors of a club that presents a daily drag appear. Their child, Val, is locked in to Senator Keeley’s girl, Barbara. Val needs the two families to meet, however the Keeley family doesn't realize that Val’s guardians are gay and run a drag appear. Congressperson Keeley is a preservationist man, and ethically doesn't bolster gay people. Congressperson Keeley speaks to the cliché perspectives on society. Armand makes a valid statement about how society feels about gay people and cross dressers. â€Å"Albert, these individuals are traditional moderates. They don’t care if you’re a pig, they simply care if you’re a fag! † This statement speaks to the perspectives on society about gay individuals or cross dressers. Armand claims to be a straight man by indicating how manly he is by saying â€Å"Al, you old bastard! How ya doin’? What is your opinion about that call today? I mean the Dolphins! Fourth-and-three play on their 30 yard line with just 34 seconds to go! †¦ This demonstrates characteristically men are assume to be manly and a game that speaks to manliness is football. Society has stayed unaltered in their perspectives about cross dressing since they decide to see and accept just what they need to see and hear. How can it be that a lady can wear pants? Thinking back to the nineteenth century ladies were not permitted whatever else with th e exception of a dress. Society can acknowledge this change in view of the impact of time and the intensity of ladies. In The Bird Cage, Louise Keeley (the senator’s spouse) makes an incredible case of how society just sees what it needs to see. Why, it would appear that youngsters playing leapfrog!†¦ Is it Greek? † as a general rule Louise Keeley is take a gander at a bit of china with obscene pictures of youngsters. Louise Keeley doesn't perceive what is truly there on the grounds that she blinds herself so as to shield herself based on what is viewed as unethical and one might say horrendous. Society additionally attempts to conceal and shield themselves from circumstances that they don't care for, for example, gay people, vagrants, cross dressers, and so forth. Because society needs to dazzle itself, doesn't imply that these individuals don't exist. Cross dressing is seen as off-base according to a cliché society. Natural people should be manly and female separately. Cross dressing isn't viewed as a standard in the public arena. This thought is seen through the film The Bird Cage. In all actuality sex doesn't decide sex, as spoke to by Brian Pronger in â€Å"Sexual Mythologies. † Therefore sex can't decide sexual orientation, yet society will consistently see what it needs to see. Except if society can figure out how to acknowledge individuals for what their identity is and what they wear, at that point we will have a genuinely have a general public where there are no generalizations.

Global Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Worldwide Business Plan - Essay Example The political, legitimate and administrative dangers featured that the locale has a stable and improvement situated political scene, which is bolstered by the lawful framework in Canada. Additionally the guidelines in the district are like the ones in US, making the low and good for venture. The swapping scale dangers are low for the nation is low just as the money of the nation is very steady. The serious dangers in the district anyway are high as there exists wild rivalry among the neighborhood and the universal business. The administration has found a way to bring down this hazard for financial specialists. The conveyance and gracefully chain dangers featured that the agent in the oil creation segment who is answerable for shipping and managing makers and wholesaler faces significant level of dangers. The physical and natural dangers are likewise high in Canada because of its extraordinary atmosphere and the rough territory of the land which makes extraction and burrowing troublesome and tedious. Moreover the social dangers in the area are additionally present which identify with the contentions perspectives of the French talking and the English speaking Canadians. The SWOT examination of the Oilpec Inc Company was likewise performed which recognized that the qualities of the Oilpec Inc related to its information and involvement with the field of appropriation, showcasing, investigation, stockpiling and refining of oil. The shortcomings of the organization related to the disgrace that is connected with the oil organizations in the psyches of the individuals and the rising costs of oil which makes hardships for individuals in the worked. The open doors that are accessible to the organization relate to the way that the organization can keep its activities costs low and offer customers in the market with oil at lower costs. The dangers that are looked by the organization anyway remember the elevated level of rivalry for the business. Basis for Selecting the Country The method of reasoning for choosing Canada as a planned locale for tasks for the Oilpec Inc Company depended on the key and hazard investigation of the area. This examination gave that the economy of the district is a quickly developing one which is upheld by the augmenting Canadian dollar and the expanded monetary movement. In addition in Canada there is no cash limitations set on the repatriation of assets. In this way, at times, the repatriation may have charge results. In Canada, trade rates are steady, so an outside organization will stay away from these dangers The strategies of the area explicit to migration have permitted the nation to approach talented individuals assets. Also while the raw petroleum division in the area has a serious industry, this permits new organizations to enter in the market as by bringing boundaries down to passage. Also the lawful condition is good for universal organizations, as Canada is a US situated nation with solid social and financial relations with the USA accomplices. This empowers organizations structure the United States to build up them selves in Canada without hardly lifting a finger. Advertising Mix and Marketing Plan The objective markets for the items to be made by Oilpec Inc remember all oil purchasers for the universal market. There exists exceptional rivalry in the business for investigation, assembling and dissemination of raw petroleum in Canada and this requires a one of a kind promoting system for the item by Oilpec Inc. The organization

Bavarian Rhapsody

Bavarian Rhapsody DID YOU KNOW? Although three members of Queen routinely sang lead and backing vocals, the opening chords of Bohemian Rhapsody are sung entirely by Freddie Mercury, recorded on four separate tracks and mixed together. München! I went to München! Or Munich. But München is more fun to say, and its got an umlaut. I just realized that I had a commenter a long time ago who claimed to be from München. So he will probably comment again and tell me that I should have contacted him, because I only ended up visiting the tourist traps. Well, I never said I was a role model. But as far as tourist traps go, I did go (briefly) into the Hard Rock Café. I briefly contemplated buying a Hard Rock Café: Munich t-shirt, because that is just an awesome gift for somebody, but I looked at the price tag of 24 euros and decided that, with current exchange rates, I didnt like anybody that much. Blah blah blah pictures. I dont know if it was just the Germany-Sweden eighthfinal World Cup match taking place in Munich that afternoon, but there were a lot of people walking around in liederhosen, many of whom were even playing oom-pa-pa music on tubas. Do people always wear these in Bavaria? Because they are kind of uncomfortable. I know this because one time, as Captain Von Trapp in The Sound of Music, I almost had to change into liederhosen in 45 seconds, but somebody with a brain noted that as Captain Von Trapp escapes Nazi persecution hiking through the alps, he would probably opt to wear something that chafes a little less. However, I will assume that Swedish transvestites are not something that you see every day in Bavaria. Am I allowed to say transvestite in a blog? Anyway, its good to see fans getting along. The motto of the 2006 World Cup is a time to make friends. Who wouldnt want to be friends with a Swedish transvestite in aviator glasses? We ate lunch at the Hofbräuhaus, which is probably a little like Durgin Park in Boston, except I have never been there. This picture kind of gives an impression of the frenzied atmosphere within, but not really. As I said in one of my Nice entries, they really should teach you all about the foods of a nation before you go there, especially in a language so well known for its diverse vocabulary describing bizarre cooked and uncooked sausages. We also went to the Alte Pinakothek, which showcases a lot of old artwork. A lot of it was really breathtaking in particular, I loved a withering still life painted by Jan Brueghel, but forgot to take a picture of it. Luckily, Wikipedia shows it as an example of his work. A lot of early artwork was really a lot more grotesque than I had previously thought. I also like it when there are depictions of Jesus contemporaries wearing Renaissance clothing, as (I think) shown above. The museum features the largest collection of work by Peter Paul Reubens in the world. Apparently he really liked to paint tangled masses of naked people getting sucked up to heaven during the Last Judgment, because there were like four or five separate painting of his to that effect. Im sorry, I really can appreciate art sometimes. One thing I noticed about Germany is that its really hard to drink things. In most restaurants, its awkward to order tap water, and most beverages will run you about $US 2.50, for one can with no refills. In München, the standard size for any beverage is 1 liter, pretty much. Here, a dirndl-clad waitress has just laid down a second round of beers and an Argentinian fan finds this as interesting as I did. We went to the Olympic Stadium to watch the Mexico-Argentina game on Saturday night, but the only picture I took there was of the port-o-potty. Well, Ive seen stadiums before, but Ive never seen a port-o-potty with this picture on it. In the mens bathroom at my job, there are two separate areas depending on what you need to accomplish therein. One is labeled with a drop of water and one is labeled with a man scratching his side. I did not know there were international symbols for those things. We went to the English Garden, a large Boston Common-type area downtown. Parks in Germany are a lot different from parks in America. For example, there are a lot of naked people in German parks. And people generally dont seem to be bothered by that. Also, there are German women riding around on horses who look like this. I dont know, maybe her Valkyrie-like riding was also World Cup-inspired. And heres a beautiful building under a purple sky, because I needed something pretentious like that to conclude the entry. True story: I tried to post this comment yesterday, but received a message (from myself) that I needed some time to verify comments from unregistered commenters and I would get to approving this comment at my earliest convenience. Since then, I cant find the comment anywhere. Has anybody else been having trouble commenting? If so, sorry. Mike Well, Ive only taken one class in bio (7.06: Cell Biology), but Ive been told by fellow bio majors that MIT grad school is great for molecular and cell biologies, but not quite as good for studying anything larger than a cell. We dont have a med school, so if you want to study anatomy or things like that, its better to look into HST, a joint program with Harvard. Kash Honestly, I dont know what the average GPA of admitted students is. Theres no minimum GPA or anything, and I know people who didnt get straight As or ranked 20th in their high school classes and still got in (and they didnt go to super-competitive private schools either). In general, higher grades are better, but its also good for you to take the most challenging classes that are offered at your school and do as well as you can in themif your school has AP/IB, you should take at least a few of them in the areas that you are most interested in. Improvement also looks good, so even if you dont have great grades now, youve still got two years to bring them up! Ruth Well, Im limited somewhat by the fact that I have only one pot and one pan, and even those were kind of stolen by my roommate from Bayer. I didnt want to invest in cookware because Im only going to be here for three months. I also didnt want to investing in spices, so I took a page from the book of Ling and bought a 69-cent bottle of grill seasoning, which I sprinkle in every dish I cook, from spaghetti to fajitas. My Indian roommate is also teaching me how to properly execute Indian cooking, so watch out Apple Bake.

German Writers Every German Learner Should Know

What is it that your German teacher always says? If you can’t speak, then read, read and read! Reading will help you tremendously in improving your language skills. And once you are able to read some of the great writers of German literature, you will understand German thought and culture more in depth. In my opinion, reading a translated work never equals the original in the language it was written in. Here are a few German writers that have been translated in numerous languages and that have influenced people all over the world. Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (1759-1805) Schiller was one of the most influential German poets of the Sturm und Drang era. He ranks high up in German people’s eyes, alongside with Goethe. There’s even a monument depicting them side by side in Weimar. Schiller was successful in his writing from his very first publication on - Die Rà ¤uber (The Robbers) was a play written while he was at a military academy and quickly became renowed thoughout Europe. Initially Schiller had first studied to become a pastor, then became a regimental doctor for a short period, before finally devoting himself to writing and teaching as a professor of history and philosophy at the University of Jena. Later moving to Weimar, he founded with Goethe Das Weimar Theater, a leading theatre company at the time. Schiller became part of a German Enlightment period, die Weimarer Klassik (the Weimar Classism), later on in his life, of which also famous writers such as Goethe, Herder and Wielandt were a part. They wrote and philosiphized about aesthetics and ethics, Schiller having penned an influential work entitled ÃÅ"ber die à ¤sthetische Erziehung des Menschen On the Aesthetic Education of Man. Beethoven famously set Schillers poem Ode to Joy in his ninth symphony.   Gnther Grass (1927) Gunter Grass is one of Germany’s most notable writers currently living, whose work has garnered him a Nobel Prize of Literature. His most renowned work is his Danzig Trilogy Die Blechtrommel (The Tindrum), Katz und Maus (Cat and Mouse), Hundejahre (Dog Years), as well as his most recent one Im Krebsgang (Crabwalk). Born in the Free City of Danzig Grass has worn many hats: he’s been also a sculptor, graphic artist and illustrator. Further, throughout his life, Grass has always been outspoken about European political affairs, receiving the2012 European of the Year award from the European Movement Denmark . In 2006 Grass has received much attention from the media involving his participation in the Waffen SS as a teenager. He has also recently voiced his disapproval of facebook and other social media, stating that â€Å"anybody who has 500 friends, has no friends.† Wilhelm Busch (1832-1908) Wilhelm Busch is known as a pioneer of the comic strip, due to his caricature drawings that accompanied his verse. Among his most popular works are Max and Moritz, a children’s classic that recount the mischievous pranks of the aforesaid boys, a ballad that is often read and dramatized in German schools.Most of Busch’s works are a satirical spin on practically everything in society! His works were often a parody of double standards. He poked fun at the ignorance of the poor, the snobbery of the rich, and in particular, the pomposity of clergymen. Busch was anti-Catholic and some of his works greatly reflected this . Scenes such as in Die fromme Helene, where it is hinted that the married Helene had an affair with a clergy man or the scene in Der Heilige Antonius von Padua where the catholic Saint Antonius is being seduced by the devil clad in ballet attire made these works by Busch both popular and offensive. Due to such and similar scenes, the book Der Heilige Antonius von Padua was banned from Austria until 1902. Heinrich Heine (1797-1856) Heinrich Heine was one of the most influential German poets in the 19th century that German authorities tried to suppress because of his radical political views. He is also known for his lyrical prose which was set to music of classical greats such as Schumann, Schubert and Mendelssohn in the form of Lieder form. Heinrich Heine, a jew by birth, was born in Dà ¼sseldorf, Germany and was known as Harry until he converted to Christianity when he was in his twenties. In his work, Heine often ridiculed sappy romanticism and over exuberant portrayals of nature. Though Heine loved his German roots, he often critiqued Germanys contrasting sense of nationalism.

Aboortion from a Christian Perspective - 1368 Words

Robin Cypress CWV 101 April 26, 2015 Professor Bob Greene Abortion – From A Christian’s Perspective The ability to bring a life into the world after having carried and nurtured it in your womb for a woman is considered a gift and blessing to most, however there are times when the decision to bring a life into the world is clouded by another issue such as rape or fetal abnormalities at which point it becomes an ethical dilemma as to whether to bring that life into the world or to end the pregnancy and the life of the child. This paper will address the ethical dilemma, core beliefs, resolution, evaluation and comparison from the Christian perspective that should be considered during this process. Living life is a gift that God†¦show more content†¦Evaluation For the Christian and even those who do not fall under the umbrella of Christianity one the unintended consequences in having an abortion is to never be able to conceive another child. Another might be that everything that you felt was more important such as jobs, c areer or social standings all suddenly are taken away and you are left without them or the gift of love that a child could have brought. While these may seem extreme, taking a life is as well and nothing that we do outside of the will of God comes without consequences. One of the main benefits of deciding to not have an abortion is that you are choosing life and showing God that you have faith that He will provide for not only your needs but your child’s as well. Comparison When comparing the resolution of Christians against others, Christians must at all times remember who gives life and who has the absolute call and decision to take it away and that is God. Others may say that it should be a choice and that a woman should not be forced to carry a child knowing that the child has a defect, or that aborting the child is the humane thing to do because the child would only suffer (Ryan, 2014), however until you have given the child a chance, you cannot say or determine what qua lity of life the child will have and if they will suffer at all. In today’s society those who

Yhhh Free Essays

This age is called the age of science, yet’ we can’t deny the importance of literature in our lives. Literature is called the mirror of life; it is also called a mode of the expression of feelings and emotions. As long as human beings do have emotions and feelings, literature will be created and literature will be read. We will write a custom essay sample on Yhhh or any similar topic only for you Order Now It gives a way to one’s thought, modifies and brings new dimensions. It relaxes you when you are tense’ enlightens your dark mind and lightens your heavy heart. This age is called the age of science, yet’ we can’t deny the importance of literature in our lives. Literature is called the mirror of life; it is also called a mode of the expression of feelings and emotions. As long as human beings do have emotions and feelings, literature will be created and literature will be read. It gives a way to one’s thought, modifies and brings new dimensions. It relaxes you when you are tense’ enlightens your dark mind and lightens your heavy heart. â€Å"Roselily† by Alice Walker, is one of the literatures that I really liked. In the short story Roselily, Alice Walker tells two stories in one. The most obvious story is the one about the Black American woman Roselily, who stands before the alter, just about to marry a muslim, while she thinks about her past, wonders about the future and is questioning whether she is making the right choice. The other, hidden story is the story about Black American women in general, their history and their ongoing search for something better. The way I understand the short story, Roselily`s story is, as it is presented to the reader through Roselily’s thoughts as she is in the middle of her wedding, a reflection of Black Americans` and women in particular situation around the 1960s. At this time, Blacks are free Americans with the equal rights as other Americans, in theory. Roselily is an independent woman of her time, but being a single mother of four children, working long hours for most likely lousy wages in a sewing plant, she is far from free. The Blacks are no longer slaves in the cotton fields, they are now paid slaves in the refinement industry. Roselily is most aware of her situation, and she is willing to leave her past and start a new life with a new man. She has probably been searching for a better life for quite some time, by being with different men, who all could give her a child, but not a new life. I am sensing an urge in Roselily, to move on, symbolized by all the cars described in the short story: They are constantly moving from one place to another, they give you mobility, prevent you from being stuck somewhere you do not want to be. Roselily knows that she does not want to stay in the sewing plant, she knows that she wants to move on to something better, but she does not know what better is, and she certainly doubts if what she has chosen will be better than what she had. Her divided personality is like the different groups of Blacks in the civil rights movements. Some Blacks wanted segregation, some wanted their own nation, some wanted to be more African, some wanted to live like the White Americans, some were Muslims and some were Christians. They all agreed that their current situation was not acceptable, but they did not know how to improve it. At the same time as Roselily wants to start a new life, she is afraid of losing her roots. She pictures her children  «exalted on a pedestal, a stalk that has no roots », and  «She wonders how to make new roots ». Alice Walker here describes Black Americans and probably also her own search for identity. Which heritage is the right one; the one from their Black American ancestors, or the one from the African ancestors? As Roselily is about to marry, about to go to Chicago and start a new life with her husband, she is starting to regret her decision and faces the truth: Just like Black Americans went from the slavery in the cotton fields to paid slavery in the sewing plants, she is now moving to the slavery of Islam. She thinks of his religion and sees ropes, chains, handcuffs. She thinks of Chicago, her new home, and realizes that all she knows about the place is Lincoln, the president. President Lincoln abolished the slavery, but that did not free the Black Americans. Alice Walker shows feminism in this literature. Most of her works depicts racism, sexism, feminism, troubled relationships, and isolation. Alice Walker was the eighth child of sharecroppers. Despite the economic hardships of her family, she was remarkably dedicated to her education and graduated with degrees from both Sarah Lawrence and Spelman College. While attending school, Walker became frustrated with the lack of literature on the culture and history of the black experience, so she challenged educational institutions to create a representative curriculum. In the 1960s, she became involved in the civil rights movement. Her experiences became the basis for her excellent novel Meridian. Her best-known work, however, is The Color Purple. Critics and audiences alike have praised its richly drawn female characters and seemingly effortless use of black vernacular. Although she has written six novels, Walker remains very active politically, championing women’s issues and women’s work. How to cite Yhhh, Essay examples

Slavery Southern White Slaveholder Guilt Essay Example For Students

Slavery Southern White Slaveholder Guilt Essay Guilt is an inevitable effect of slavery. For no matter how much rhetoric and racism is poured into such a system, the simple fact remains that men are enslaving men. Regardless of how much inferior a slaveholder may perceive his slaves, it is obvious that his property looks similar, has similar needs, and has similar feelings. There is thus the necessary comparison of situations; the slaveholder is free, the slaves in bondage certainly a position that the slaveholder would find most disagreeable. So there is no doubt that any slaveholder with any measure of humanity within himself would feel guilt. And in fact, as the evidence is considered including the proslavery propaganda the reality of southern guilt is overwhelmingly obvious. It is seen in their words, both private and public, uncovered in their proslavery diatribes, and understandable in their humanity. Before this discussion of guilt in slaveholders begins, it is necessary to first define how we will define guilt. Certainly if a man says he is guilt-stricken with conviction we can take this as adequate evidence of guilt. However, certainly not everyone takes this direct an approach. James Oakes makes a good point in recognizing that guilt is not always starkly obvious. Guilt is the product of a deeply rooted psychological ambivalence that impels the individual to behave in ways that violate fundamental norms even as they fulfill basic desires. In other words, guilt creates such inner turmoil that a guilty man will deviate from normal behavior. In this case, we will have to show two things. First, a slaveholder is committing detrimental actions (to himself or his family) that show he is in mental distress, and second, that these actions are a result of his status as a slaveholder. It is obvious that we cannot prove the latter point, but we can show it is the most probable situation for his guilt. Finally, if a slaveholder is making pains above and beyond law and custom, it is most likely that these actions are to alleviate feelings of guilt. This is because we may assume any deliberate actions taken by any man are usually taken because he assumes they will benefit him in some manner. And if such an action is costly (money-wise), then it must have some allure in terms of personal happiness. So to show guilt, we will set forth examples of open confessions of guilt, deviant behavior, and uncommonly good treatment of slaves. The correspondence of slaveholders is a gold mine for evidence of these three signs of guilt. P.H. Leubal writes about a slave girl, Jeanette purchased and then injured before she arrived on his property. Perhaps the common perception of what would happen in this case would go as follows: he would be upset at the visible destruction of his property, perhaps get a cursory examination done for legal purposes, and would demand a refund. This is merely an estimate of what custom might dictate, but this would surely not be out of line with the picture of slaves as purely property. A lame slave would essentially be a negative in terms of profit; this wouldnt be advantageous in any sense of the economic world in which Leubal is embroiled. However, Leubal goes far above and beyond this baseline version of humanity. He gets a thorough examination from a clearly respected doctor presumably his own and gets a fairly complex story from the slave girl herself to explain the incident. Upon learn ing that Jeanette would be fairly useless as economically valuable property, Leubal goes yet another step; he knows her humanity, listens to her feelings, and elects to keep her himself. Yes, she is still a slave, and yes, he demands a refund on his money. However, his behavior is still unusual if examined from a purely economic standpoint. A slaveholder who cares enough about money to request a partial refund from a $290 piece of property, yet he elects to keep the property, knowing that it will cost him much in the long run, while he could just send the slave back for a full refund and then buy another that would be more to what his expectations for Jeanette were originally. The only answer for this can be because Leubal was motivated by some internal need to help her because of her humanity. He felt it was somehow his duty to keep her because she was a human being and he identified with her suffering. She suffered because she was a slave, and because he was a crucial element of t he system that hurt her so, Leubal felt obliged to make amends. At his personal economic expense, he decided to ease his conscience and do something that would be out-of-the-ordinary for any slaveholder of the time. To alleviate his guilt, he offered humanity. Leubal was a slaveholder whose conscience would not let him treat humans as property. It is possible to argue that Leubal was simply a kind man, an aberration to the society of slaveholding men. However, if we examine him closely, we will see that his kindness toward Jeanette could not be applied universally, because it would cause an economic disaster. So his action is most realistically viewed as a special circumstance. Leubal kept slaves to make money, but he certainly deplored certain aspects of slavery, and because he contributed to the system, those aspects were partly his responsibility. To accept the peculiar institution, he had to redeem it by easing the weight of its pain upon him the pain of guilt. Likewise, a letter from a slave, Eavans McCrery, to his mistress shows that he is being treated more as an equal than as property. He has been taught to read by a master, and he writes his mistress quite honestly and tells her why and what he would like to do with his life. It is more the expectations than the actual wording of the letter that that makes it an evidence of guilt. Because Eavans clearly expects a response that is not harsh, he is obviously allowed to speak his mind and attempt to influence his own future, something that is not associated with property. His former masters and current mistress clearly see him as a human being, and their kindness (especially in allowing a slave to know how to read and write in 1854) is exemplary. Thus the logical conclusion, as discussed above, is that this stems from a moral responsibility. To avoid the guilt that plagues the slaveholders, Eavans owners take steps to treat him as a human being. Prostitution Through the Functionalism EssayExamine Solomon Northups experience as described in Twelve Years a Slave. He was owned by a wide variety of masters, seemingly encompassing the extremes and the norms of masters. It will thus be an educational experience to show how each of his masters fits into the scheme of guilt in southern slaveholders. From Ford to Tibeats to Epps, each master was carrying a burden on his soul and heart, and it is evident in their actions. William Ford, his beneficent and kindly Christian master clearly seems to have a clean conscience. This is because he has cleansed the guilt from his palate by providing a uniquely utopian slavery for his slaves. However, the guilt is still evident in small doses, and most obvious when Fords releasing of Northup to Tibeats almost causes Northups death. Northup is so intent on describing his personal relief at being alive and safe with Ford that he almost misses the guilt and torment that Ford must feel for releasing Northup into the horrific reality that defined slavery away from Fords land. But it is still there, in Northups description. Ford gives Platt food that rarely pleased the palate of slave, insists he rest for a couple days, and offers to let him ride his horse for the long ride back to Tibeats. This treatment is because of Fords guilt and not simply because he is a kind master. Northup is given treatment above and beyond what Ford normally affords his slaves in fact; Nort hup is treated as a white guest might have been treated at Fords plantation. Ford gives this treatment because he is directly responsible for Northups condition and feels guilt because of it. Ford is guilty because he knows that slavery is a unique evil and he has released a good man into a potentially fatal situation. It is hard to read Tibeats as clearly as Ford because Northup is nothing but afraid of him, and this does not lead to objective discussion of Tibeats. But he is clearly disturbed mentally, as he cannot handle work or life very well. Tibeats behavior is self-destructive: drinking and attempting to kill his own slaves and with them a main source of income. His soul is tormented and it is obvious that Northup as his slave does not alleviate his pain. Tibeats cannot handle the fact that his property is more capable, able, and liked than he, and this causes his rage. Slavery has caused his self-torment, and this defined above is a clear sign of guilt. Finally, Edwin Epps, perhaps a more typical master than either Ford or Tibeats is the most clearly wracked-with-guilt of Northups masters. Epps owes his prosperity to the institution of slavery and it has destroyed him mentally and morally. Rising from the position of overseer to slaveholder, he has been working closely with slaves, and this is a sure way of noticing their humanity. Masters who owned plantations from afar may have been able to convince themselves that slaves were members of an inferior race, but when Epps worked alongside his slaves, he realized their similarities. Patsey, who could pick five hundred pounds of cotton a day was clearly not an inferior worker. And yet he owed his lifestyle to slavery, and so he was tormented and helped by the peculiar institution. His guilt comes through in is horrid abuse of alcohol and his slaves. In order to deal with his inner turmoil, he hit the bottle. The pain and guilt he felt as a result of slavery he then blamed on his slaves . They were, in a way, responsible for his immoral actions, and he took it out on them. Cruel and unnecessary whippings marked his reign while Northup was enslaved, and the direct cause of them can only be explained by moral guilt. Epps was clearly a human being. He had loves and desires and hopes, and yet his entire world was clouded by the institution of slavery, and that destroyed him as nothing else could save him. Solomon Northups experience thus serves as a good example of how guilt struck many different kinds of slaveholders and provides an insight into how each man, though guilty, handled the guilt differently. Ford chose the method of doing his best to alleviate his own guilt in his participation of slavery; Epps and Tibeats couldnt handle the contradictions that stirred inside, and instead moved to violence and alcoholism. And they all felt guilt as a direct cause of the institution. Simply because slavery corrupted much of the humanity of southerners toward blacks does not mean slaveholders were not responsible for their own actions. It is merely a good way of showing how slaveholders must have felt guilt as a whole. Because if slavery is an immoral institution, then moral men (as we will assume most men are) will feel guilt as participants. And yet southerners allowed slavery to continue in their midst until force stopped them. This stirred the guilt inside them and either led to better treatment of their slaves or much worse treatment. The feeling was the same; the reactions different. Thus through their writings, their propaganda, and their humanity it is evident that southerners clearly felt that their institution of slavery morally ambiguous. This ambiguity we define as guilt and we can see its results throughout the South in this time period. Slaves were people just as white southerners were people, and despite the propaganda, this was an inevitable conclusion that everyone who had close contact with both had to realize. Through life, sickness, and death, the similarities were impossible to ignore. And thus the enslavement of humans while championing liberty had an obvious effect: guilt. The human heart and soul transcends the mind in matters of morality to warn the conscience, and thats exactly why southerners felt guilt in the face of slavery.

The House On Mango Street Essays - Chicano Literature,

The House on Mango Street In The House On Mango Street Esperanza reveals personal experiences through which the reader is able to determine what kind of person she is; her views on life, how she views herself, as well as how her poverty affects her view of life, her view of her future, and how her poverty currently affects her place in the world. The vignettes show different aspects of Esperanza's identity as it evolves and changes progressively throughout The House On Mango Street. Esperanza's identity, as divulged in the vignettes, is multifaceted. Her shyness is evident when she is around people who are unfamiliar to her. This is most likely due to the intimidation these people pose. For example, in the vignettes ?The First Job? and ?A Rice Sandwich? Esperanza is too shy to eat with her other co-workers and peers, as shown in the following quotation from ?The First Job?: ?When lunch time came I was scared to eat alone in the company lunchroom?. Another dominant feature in Esperanza's personality is the trust she has in others. This is one of Esperanza's weaknesses as an individual because it allows her to be gullible and vulnerable. In ?Cathy Queen of Cats' Esperanza's gullibility is obvious when Cathy tells Esperanza that ?...[her] father will have to fly to France one day and find her...cousin...and inherit the family house. How do I know this is so? She told me so.?. Another error in trusting others is that Esperanza is susceptible to betrayal. In ?Red Clowns' Esperanza is betrayed by Sally because Sally told Esperanza that the circus would be a fun experience, but instead she was raped. Esperanza blames Sally, the magazines, and the movies for lying to her about the circus. Esperanza is a very idealistic person. She assumes everything is pretty and fun, but when she finds out the acrimonious reality of life she becomes disappointed and deems herself stupid for not knowing better. Unbeknownst to Esperanza, her naivet? and inexperience is normal. For example, in ?Gil's Furniture Bought & Sold' Esperanza assumes that a music box is ?...a pretty box with flowers painted on it, with a ballerina inside...? but when it's revealed to her that a music box is just ?...a wood box that's old and got a big brass record in it with holes? she feels ashamed she did not know better. Despite her low self-esteem she still keeps hold of her dream of acquiring ?A house all my own.?. Esperanza's perception of herself does not mirror who she really is. She views herself as unattractive, unintelligent, insignificant and out of place. Such statements as, ?...skinny necks and pointed elbows like mine....do not belong here but are here...? provide evidence. In ?Four Skinny Trees' Esperanza describes the four trees outside her house as how she sees herself; how she has not found her place in the world. Esperanza, like the trees, is trapped. While Esperanza is trapped on Mango Street, the trees are trapped in concrete. The quotation from ?Four Skinny Trees? illustrates an optimism despite the limitations. ?Four who grew despite concrete. Four who reach and do not forget to reach.? The desire to leave Mango Street is the desire to lay new roots. There is an optimism which is inconsistent with Esperanza's negative self image. Esperanza's poverty acts as a physical obstacle from leaving Mango Street, but it does not prevent her from creating dreams and desires. On Mango Street Esperanza lives in a dilapidated, tiny house; a house with ?bricks ...crumbling in places...? ?Everybody has to share a bedroom...? From this poverty was born Esperanza's dream. ?I knew then I had to have a house. A real house.? Although her dream is to live in a house ?with trees around it, a great big yard, and grass growing without a fence,? Esperanza does not plan to abandon those who cannot leave Mango Street. ?They will not know I have gone away to come back. For the ones I left behind.? Esperanza maintains a commitment to her roots on Mango Street. At the outset of The House on Mango Street, Esperanza is presented as a shy girl with low self esteem. As the book progresses The House On Mango Street Essays - Chicano Literature, The House on Mango Street In The House On Mango Street Esperanza reveals personal experiences through which the reader is able to determine what kind of person she is; her views on life, how she views herself, as well as how her poverty affects her view of life, her view of her future, and how her poverty currently affects her place in the world. The vignettes show different aspects of Esperanza's identity as it evolves and changes progressively throughout The House On Mango Street. Esperanza's identity, as divulged in the vignettes, is multifaceted. Her shyness is evident when she is around people who are unfamiliar to her. This is most likely due to the intimidation these people pose. For example, in the vignettes ?The First Job? and ?A Rice Sandwich? Esperanza is too shy to eat with her other co-workers and peers, as shown in the following quotation from ?The First Job?: ?When lunch time came I was scared to eat alone in the company lunchroom?. Another dominant feature in Esperanza's personality is the trust she has in others. This is one of Esperanza's weaknesses as an individual because it allows her to be gullible and vulnerable. In ?Cathy Queen of Cats' Esperanza's gullibility is obvious when Cathy tells Esperanza that ?...[her] father will have to fly to France one day and find her...cousin...and inherit the family house. How do I know this is so? She told me so.?. Another error in trusting others is that Esperanza is susceptible to betrayal. In ?Red Clowns' Esperanza is betrayed by Sally because Sally told Esperanza that the circus would be a fun experience, but instead she was raped. Esperanza blames Sally, the magazines, and the movies for lying to her about the circus. Esperanza is a very idealistic person. She assumes everything is pretty and fun, but when she finds out the acrimonious reality of life she becomes disappointed and deems herself stupid for not knowing better. Unbeknownst to Esperanza, her naivet? and inexperience is normal. For example, in ?Gil's Furniture Bought & Sold' Esperanza assumes that a music box is ?...a pretty box with flowers painted on it, with a ballerina inside...? but when it's revealed to her that a music box is just ?...a wood box that's old and got a big brass record in it with holes? she feels ashamed she did not know better. Despite her low self-esteem she still keeps hold of her dream of acquiring ?A house all my own.?. Esperanza's perception of herself does not mirror who she really is. She views herself as unattractive, unintelligent, insignificant and out of place. Such statements as, ?...skinny necks and pointed elbows like mine....do not belong here but are here...? provide evidence. In ?Four Skinny Trees' Esperanza describes the four trees outside her house as how she sees herself; how she has not found her place in the world. Esperanza, like the trees, is trapped. While Esperanza is trapped on Mango Street, the trees are trapped in concrete. The quotation from ?Four Skinny Trees? illustrates an optimism despite the limitations. ?Four who grew despite concrete. Four who reach and do not forget to reach.? The desire to leave Mango Street is the desire to lay new roots. There is an optimism which is inconsistent with Esperanza's negative self image. Esperanza's poverty acts as a physical obstacle from leaving Mango Street, but it does not prevent her from creating dreams and desires. On Mango Street Esperanza lives in a dilapidated, tiny house; a house with ?bricks ...crumbling in places...? ?Everybody has to share a bedroom...? From this poverty was born Esperanza's dream. ?I knew then I had to have a house. A real house.? Although her dream is to live in a house ?with trees around it, a great big yard, and grass growing without a fence,? Esperanza does not plan to abandon those who cannot leave Mango Street. ?They will not know I have gone away to come back. For the ones I left behind.? Esperanza maintains a commitment to her roots on Mango Street. At the outset of The House on Mango Street, Esperanza is presented as a shy girl with low self esteem. As the book progresses

Free Essays on Events Leading Upto The Bombing Of Hiroshima

On the 2nd of August 1939, scientists wrote to President Roosevelt telling him of efforts in Germany to purify Uranium 235, which could be used to make an atomic bomb. Roosevelt then set up an ‘Uranium Committee’ to research into an atom bomb. Once the United States entered the war, this situation changed dramatically. Scientists working in Britain had discovered how to control an atomic explosion. This was a very important step to making the bomb, and the British gave their knowledge to the Americans. In December 1942, President Roosevelt began the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was a group of top nuclear scientists who were to find out how to make an atomic bomb. This group of scientists was under the command of General Leslie Groves, and Robert Oppenheimer. The project took place in many places across the United States, but mainly in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Los Alamos was a small town consisting of a school and a few homes. This was bought up by the U.S. government, and made into a secret city that would eventually house 6,000 people. This was a very secretive time and the scientists didn’t enjoy their surroundings very much. Making the bomb proved to be harder than originally thought. The Germans and Japanese came close to making it, but did not have resources. President Roosevelt gave the project limitless amounts of money, and kept the project secret from Congress and the public. In the end he spent more than $US2,000,000,000 on the project. Many factories were built to make the uranium and plutonium needed for the bomb. At the high point of the project, more than 200,000 people were employed in the project. Many of these people had no idea what they were making because of the secrecy of the project. In 1944, General Groves told President Roosevelt with confidence that the first atom bombs would be ready in the summer of 1945. By the time the bombs were ready, the U.S knew that there was no longer a race to ... Free Essays on Events Leading Upto The Bombing Of Hiroshima Free Essays on Events Leading Upto The Bombing Of Hiroshima On the 2nd of August 1939, scientists wrote to President Roosevelt telling him of efforts in Germany to purify Uranium 235, which could be used to make an atomic bomb. Roosevelt then set up an ‘Uranium Committee’ to research into an atom bomb. Once the United States entered the war, this situation changed dramatically. Scientists working in Britain had discovered how to control an atomic explosion. This was a very important step to making the bomb, and the British gave their knowledge to the Americans. In December 1942, President Roosevelt began the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was a group of top nuclear scientists who were to find out how to make an atomic bomb. This group of scientists was under the command of General Leslie Groves, and Robert Oppenheimer. The project took place in many places across the United States, but mainly in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Los Alamos was a small town consisting of a school and a few homes. This was bought up by the U.S. government, and made into a secret city that would eventually house 6,000 people. This was a very secretive time and the scientists didn’t enjoy their surroundings very much. Making the bomb proved to be harder than originally thought. The Germans and Japanese came close to making it, but did not have resources. President Roosevelt gave the project limitless amounts of money, and kept the project secret from Congress and the public. In the end he spent more than $US2,000,000,000 on the project. Many factories were built to make the uranium and plutonium needed for the bomb. At the high point of the project, more than 200,000 people were employed in the project. Many of these people had no idea what they were making because of the secrecy of the project. In 1944, General Groves told President Roosevelt with confidence that the first atom bombs would be ready in the summer of 1945. By the time the bombs were ready, the U.S knew that there was no longer a race to ...

Master Production Schedule Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Master Production Schedule - Assignment Example Good laboratory practices (GLP) significantly influence the accuracy and reliability of results of an experimental research. They focus on method processes, research design, facility and equipment, personnel, documentation, and validation of all process components to the established specifications such as Standard Operating Procedures (SPOs). By having well-maintained laboratory equipment and calibrated instruments, diagnostic and other related errors can be avoided thus ensuring the integrity of the results. In addition, GLP reduces variations in laboratory processes that can affect the accuracy of lab results. Appropriate testing procedures, elimination of contaminated data and preventing any unanticipated occurrences in the data ensure that results are obtained with utmost accuracy and precision. While observing GLPs in ensuring quality during the laboratory processes, the personnel are required to maintain ethical standards at all time. The principle of accountability should be applied at all levels of the organization starting from the laboratory director to the junior staff members. It would ensure that any action taken in the process of laboratory work can be traced, thus helping in monitoring errors. Documentation of all the laboratory steps signed by the lab technicians is also a practice that ensures easy assessment and promotes personal responsibility for actions.

Mini case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mini case study - Assignment Example to as â€Å"essential and enduring tenets† that help define the company and are â€Å"not to be compromised for financial gain or short term expediency,† (DesJardins, 2006, p. 5). It is evident from the definition given above that it is unethical to exploit women in promoting beauty products for financial gain. For instance, the aspect of stereotyping beauty has caused severe pressure on women who try hard to change their appearance in order to suit the ideal model of a beautiful woman. Claiming that certain beauty products would make women look more beautiful unethical since it causes more negative impacts than positive gains especially on the consumers. This leads to social unrest where some women would end up looking down upon themselves and try to imitate the beauty stereotypes. Enlightened firms should encourage their managers to be socially responsible and seek ways to protect the long-run interests of their consumers (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). In other words, presenting other beauty products as ideal for women causes unnecessary social unrest among the targeted audiences and this practice in business is unethical. 2. In my opinion, I think there should be no standardized approach to defining beauty within the international advertising and fashion industry. First and foremost, beauty is natural and there can be no universal yardstick that can be used to measure it. Each individual human being has his or her own expectations of what constitute beauty and this cannot be contested. The issue of beauty mainly emanates from opinionated views of different individuals which cannot be standardised. The other reason is that we all come from different backgrounds and there are different races across the globe. For instance, there are whites, Indians, Chinese, black as well as Arabic races women from these groups significantly differ. By virtue of the fact that we come from different races, it can be seen that it is impossible to have a universally agreed standard

Casting Engine Blocks Automotive Manufacturing Processes Engineering Essay

Casting Engine Blocks Automotive Manufacturing Processes Engineering Essay There are several different types of manufacturing processes to choose from out there and many different alloys that are at ones disposal to be used. Some processes include: sand casting, die casting, and lost-foam casting. In this report, sand and die casting will be discussed with the focus on sand casting. Also, choosing a suitable alloy will be discussed. Is the alloy going to be ferrous or non-ferrous and what qualities does the alloy chosen have, to make it a good choice to use with the manufacturing process is a question to ask oneself. In this case, sand casting has the capability of using any alloy whereas; die casting is generally limited to non-ferrous alloys. Aluminum is a very common alloy to use and it can be used for almost any process. Although, this alloy possesses some qualities that would be desired by most, gray cast iron was decided by us to possess even stronger qualities that led us to choose it for the material used in the design of a cast iron block. Sand cas ting is now and has been for some time one of the most commonly used manufacturing processes and the use of gray cast iron fits very well with this process. The reasons for choosing sand casting as the manufacturing process and gray cast iron as the alloy will be discussed further in the report. Problem Statement: To select a suitable casting process and material that will be as per the requirement of efficient, cost effective and environmentally friendly engine block production. Objectives: To discuss the various casting processes that can be used to manufacture an engine block. To select a suitable alloy for the part. To select a suitable casting process. To justify the above selection. To design the selected process to cast an engine block. To discuss the defects in the casting and challenges to be faced while using the selected process and the methods to overcome these. To discuss the cost consideration and environmental impact of using the selected process. The Identification of Suitable Casting Processes The manufacturing of cast engine blocks out of cast iron involves the consideration of what manufacturing process to use as well as a suitable alloy. The alloy chosen for our company is gray cast iron and the process of selecting this particular alloy will be discussed further in the next section. This section will discuss how our company came to choose sand casting as the manufacturing process by comparing this process with other processes. There are several factors involved in choosing a suitable casting process for manufacturing cast engine blocks. Some of these factors include the type of material that can be used in the casting process, the type of part that can be cast, the finish of the product, the amount of time it takes for the process, and the cost involved. In this section, sand casting will be compared with die casting. Although both are good processes to use, the results vary depending on what process is chosen. There are some similarities between the processes, while there are mostly differences in most aspects of the processes. Selecting a Suitable Alloy An engine block is the main part of an engine which holds all most all the parts of the engine. It should house the internal moving parts, fluids and also withstand the forces and pressure developed during combustion. It should have high strength, wear resistance, good machinability, good vibration absorption capacity, corrosion resistance, low thermal expansion, good thermal conductivity and manufacturability and should have less manufacturing cost. In general, most of the industries use cast iron for manufacturing the engine blocks because of the following reasons: It is cheaper, excellent damping capacity, good wear and high temperature resistant, easily machinable, inexpensive to produce, and can tolerate high pressure and RPM. Other materials which are considered for manufacturing engine blocks are aluminum alloys and magnesium alloys. But, after considering the above factors using cast iron is the feasible option. For choosing the right alloy from cast iron variants, their material properties are compared. Table 1.1 compositions of the different cast irons Name Nominal composition [% by weight] Form and condition Hardness [Brinell scale] Grey cast iron (ASTMA48) C  3.4, Si  1.8,  Mn  0.5 Cast 260 White cast iron C  3.4, Si  0.7, Mn  0.6 Cast (as cast) 450 Malleable iron (ASTM A47) C  2.5, Si  1.0, Mn  0.55 Cast (annealed) 130 Ductile or nodular iron C  3.4, P  0.1, Mn  0.4,Ni  1.0, Mg  0.06 Cast 170 Ductile or nodular iron (ASTM A339) cast (quench tempered) 310 Ni-hard type 2 C  2.7, Si  0.6, Mn  0.5, Ni  4.5, Cr  2.0 Sand-cast 550 Ni-resist type 2 C  3.0, Si  2.0, Mn  1.0, Ni  20.0, Cr  2.5 Cast 140 Table1.2 comparision of the strengths of the cast irons alloys Table 1.3 castability of the different metals. As we need a material which is hard enough, having good strength and good castability, from Table 1.1 we can find gray cast iron having enough and nominal hardness. There are materials which are harder than grey cast iron but as hardness increases material can wear the internal components and will be brittle in nature which is not a preferable property. From Table 1.2 we can observe that elongation is less with good yield strength for gray cast iron which is one of the desirable properties. Both pearlitic and martensitic gray cast irons have less elongation with high yield strength but martensitic gray cast iron has more hardness which is against our requirements and Table 1.3 tells that castability is excellent for gray cast irons compared to other metals and alloys. For desired properties like castability, fluidity, resistance to deformation, relatively low melting point and cost On the whole from the above mentioned tables 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 and above desirable properties gray cast iron matches our requirement. So we finally decide to go for the pearlitic gray cast iron. The Effect of Manufacturing Processes on the Product Sand casting and die casting both consist of the pouring of molten metal into a mold, allowing the metal to cool until it solidifies. The type of mold used in these processes usually varies drastically from one another. Die casting uses the molten metal that gets forced into a mold and is subjected to high pressures so that it solidifies very nicely into the die cavity. Sand casting generally uses silica sand as its material for the mold. Sand is generally chosen as the mold material because of the characteristics that it possesses and the fact that its relatively inexpensive. The strength of the mold is critical in the manufacturing process and using the right type of grains in the sand can improve the strength. A specific type of sand is commonly used for sand casting, and that type is called green molding sand. Green molding sand uses a mixture sand, clay, and water. This mixture provides a moist sand to be present in the mold when the metal is poured into the mold. This moist sand then becomes easily reusable, which contributes to lowering the expenses in the process. Sand casting is an efficient process to use because of the flexibility in what can be done as part of the process. There is no limitation to what material can be used, which means that gray cast iron is available to be used when sand casting engine blocks. There is also no limitation to the type of part that can be cast. The part can also be of any size or shape or weight. Another reason for using sand casting is the minimal costs when compared to other manufacturing process, the amount of time required for production of the parts, and the number of parts required in a production cycle. Sand casting allows for the production of one part at a time if necessary, with no limit to the number of parts to be produced. All costs, including mold material, tooling, and labor costs are relatively low compared to other processes. Although, sand casting has many good qualities that persuade us to use this process, there are a few deficiencies in using the process too. These deficiencies include the finish of the material, porosity, and dimensional tolerance. The dimensional tolerance is much greater than that of other manufacturing processes which causes a greater rate of shrinkage. This shrinkage increases the porosity of the material, which results in a rough surface finish. Die casting is an efficient process to use because more precise results. The die casting process allows for the production of solid, fine parts at a high rate. No additional machining should be necessary on these parts since the dimensional accuracy is so good to begin, with that these parts are ready for use after one cycle of the process. Although the types of materials that can be used are limited, which is mentioned in the next paragraph, experimental results show that gray cast iron is a very workable material for die casting. Even smaller sized parts like pins and fasteners can be casted using die casting, but the smooth surface finish and precision of the parts allow for them to be put to good use. Similar to sand casting and any other casting process, die casting has its disadvantages too. Generally, only nonferrous materials can be casted using die casting. The materials work very well, but that still limits the resources out there for the process which could potentially cause some problems. Also, since the parts produced are small, this limits the potential uses of the part. Another problem that could arise is that even though the labor costs are very low since the process is mostly run on automated systems; these systems and all other equipment are relatively expensive. This is the one major difference between sand casting and die casting that cannot be ignored. Ways to lower the costs are still being worked on, but there is still some work left to do to bring these costs down a sufficient amount. It takes a long time to produce these parts, but being able to produce a large quantity at a time helps to make up for the long lead time. These deficiencies will be looked at in greater detail in a later section. The Sand Casting Procedure Sand casting Sand casting is one of the oldest techniques of manufacturing. In this form, molten metal is poured into a mould made of sand. When the metal is hardened and cooled, the part is removed. In sand casting, the mold is made of packed sand. Mold preparation In the process, we chose green sand casting as our casting process. The sand mixture consists of sand, clay binder, water and additives. The sand also includes zircon(ZrSiO4), olivine(Mg2SiO4), iron silicate(Fe2SiO4), chromite(FeCr2O4). Zircon, olivine and iron silicate have low thermal expansion, and chromite has high heat transfer. During the process, all the ingredients are mixed together and the sand should be moist and not dry. Figure 1. Green Sand Casting Mold Sand casting procedure During the process, patterns and cores are made; sand is thoroughly mixed and then formed about the patterns as per our need. The patterns are removed and the two halves of the molds are put together and are thus ready for pouring the molten metal. The preheated metal is then poured slowly into the mold until the mold is full. The part is then cooled and after the part solidifies thoroughly, the sand mold is removed by striking the part. Lastly, we machine the casting to give it its final shape. Defects Sand castings have many defects such as inclusion, shrinkage, air holes, sand holes, cold shut and cracks. In this procedure, the granule shape, granule size and collapsibility of sand mold effect sand mold casting. Quality inspection Quality inspection of sand casting can be done by sharp impact test, x-ray inspection, pressure test, magnaflux inspection and ultrasonic test. Whereas, to inspect the casting in the foundry itself; visual inspection, dimensional inspection, chemical component inspection and testing to figure out the physical properties by doing the hardness or tensile strength test are commonly used. Casting products and mass production The sand used in making the mold can be used again and again(reclaimed), thus the green sand casting process is cheap and widely used compared to other casting process. Due to this mass production of this process in a cost effective manner is possible. CASTING DEFECTS Some of the possible defect that may arise during the sand casting process Shrinkage defects: These defects mainly occur when feed metal is not available to compensate the shrinkage as the metal solidifies. These defects can be avoided by providing proper gates, vents and risers in the mold. Gas porosity: They are formed as bubbles on the casting after it is cooled. This is due to the presence of large amounts of dissolved gas in the molten metal. To prevent this, the metal is melted in vacuum or in the presence of specific low solubility gases such as argon or carbon dioxide. To minimize gas solubility, the super heat temperature can be kept low. Misruns and cold shuts: They are the empty cavities in solidified metal, due to the lack of fluidity, narrow cross sections, back pressure and turbulence. These are rectified by reducing the pouring temperature, adding sprue and proper gates. Metal penetration: This is the presence of rough surface finish because of the liquid metal penetrating the sand mould. This penetration is due to high pouring temperatures. Lowering the pouring temperature will avoid this phenomenon. Hot Spots: They are formed on the surface that is very hard because of the quick cooling compared to the surroundings. Changing chemical composition and providing proper cooling methods like using chills, these can be avoided. Inclusions: These are metal impurities generally oxides, sulfides, nitrides and carbides formed from the material that is eroded from furnace or impurities present in the mold. These inclusions can be reduced by using ceramic filters or melting the metal in vacuum Hot tears: Also called as hot cracking, these are the failures in the casting that are formed while cast metal starts cooling because of the weak strength of the metal when it is hot and the internal stresses. These can be prevented by proper mold design. Mold erosion: Erosion of the mold sand occurs while filling molten metal into the mold, caused due to sand having less binding strength or high pouring velocity of metal. This can be avoided by redesigning the gating system or by using large runners. Identifying challenges in the process and how they are being addressed An engine block has a very complex geometry. The engine block has internal recesses for the coolant, i.e., water to circulate and the cylinders for the piston to reciprocate. So casting such an intricate shape is always challenging. First, the pattern for making the mold must be very carefully designed because the quality of our casting is as good as the quality of our pattern. For such a complex machined part, we must carefully monitor the cooling of the casting; as such a complex part is bound to cool in an uneven manner. We all know that the major problem concerned with sand casting is the poor surface finish, but in an engine block the only important surface is the cylinder where the piston will reciprocate and it is not important for the cooling water to flow through highly machined surfaces. In sand casting, the surface finish can be substantially improved by using finer sands and we are adding zircon to the sand which will result in a better surface finish. Another challenge in sand casting an engine block is the pouring of the molten metal. Since an engine block is huge and has a complicated geometry, the pouring rate of the metal should be carefully monitored. We should not pour it at such a slow rate that the metal solidifies in the pouring vessel itself and it should not be so fast that molten metal could not reach some regions resulting in voids. In fact, the metal should not be poured. It should be pumped against the gravity so as to avoid gas entrapment. As said earlier, an engine block, due to its geometric complexity will tend to cool irregularly. So the risers should be properly placed to take into account this irregular cooling. Addressing the cost consideration The cost associated with sand casting can be divided into three broad categories: Material cost, Production cost and Tooling cost. Material cost As the name suggests, material cost includes the cost of all the materials used in the sand casting process. These materials include the metal, the mold sand and the core sand. The cost of the metal will depend on a number of factors such as cost of the alloy, purity of the alloy and the castability of the alloy. For more pure alloys, the cost will be higher. For alloys with lower castability, additional metal will be required in order to fill the flow channels and the feed heads to assure a good casting, so in such cases, the cost will be higher. The cost of the mold sand and the core sand will depend on the shape and size of the mold and the core respectively. In this case, since our part is an engine block, due to its size and geometric complexity, the cost is bound to be high. Production Cost Again as the name suggests, production cost will include the cost of all the operations that will take place during the process of sand casting. These will include core making, mold making, pouring, and cleaning. The addition of cores to the casting will increase its cost because it will slow the process down. An engine block, a very complicated part, will definitely have cores which will increase the overall production cost by slowing down the production. Pouring and cleaning costs are determined by the size and weight of the casting. So these will be high for an engine block as it is a big and heavy component, and the mold will take longer to fill and the cast block will take longer to be cleaned. Tooling Cost Tooling cost is the cost associated with the tools used during the sand casting process. These include the patterns used to make the molds and the core-boxes to make the cores. Since an engine block is huge and geometrically complicated, tooling cost will be high. Also, since we are designing for mass production, the patterns as well as the core-boxes will have to be used more frequently. The constant use of the tool will result in the wearing down of the tool at a high rate, which in turn will increase the overall cost as the tool will have to be replaced. A solution to this problem will be to use patterns and core-boxes of a better quality material, but again the cost will be high. Environmental Impact of using Sand Casting: Foundries are generally regarded as being dirty and unfavorable to the environment. The primary issues being faced by the casting industry are the excessive volumes of by-products that are to be sent to landfills, and the Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) which are released during the process. Of all the by-products generated by volume, sand is the largest. Even in processes which involve a high level of sand recovery, some amount of new sand is always required to maintain the optimum quality of sand in the system. This in turn will result in loss of sand from the system. After its use, the sand is either sent to a landfill for disposal, resulting in soil pollution, or it is reclaimed off-site. Not all foundry sands are considered hazardous, especially the ones from ferrous foundries, which pass the TCLP (Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure), which, after use can be sent to unlined landfills for disposal. Some non-ferrous sands on the other hand contain high levels of metal because they have to be sent to secured landfills and not the unlined ones. Chemical binders inwaste sand can become a crucial issue if resin-coated sands are wasted in large volumes before the pouring stage as most of the binder in the mold is burnt off during the pouring stage. Hence, the binder level should be carefully monitored so as to prevent it from reaching unacceptable levels over a period of many reclamation cycles. The second largest by-product by volume in the sand casting process is the baghouse dust. It is typically formed when the sand is reclaimed multiple times, which results in the sand grains breaking down to dust particles. Not only will it affect the quality of the casting, but it will also result in health issues such as silicosis. Slag is yet another by-product which is formed during the sand casting process. When flux is added to the molten metal to remove impurities, it reacts with the impurities to form slag which floats to the surface and is to be removed before pouring the metal. The slag so formed has a glass like appearance and is not really hazardous as it can be easily disposed of in unlined landfills. Apart from these solid wastes, there is also a substantial amount of gaseous waste (emissions) produced during the sand casting process. These include benzene, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, phenols, nitrous oxide and other HAPs. Of all the pollutants, benzene is the most emitted. Conclusion In many ways the job of an engineer is not simple, because to choose between one material or one process over another is never easy. There is no process or material which can be considered as perfect. Each process has its advantages and disadvantages. An engineers job is to find an optimum solution so that the huge amount of investment in this industry is justified. In this project we, as engineers have done a similar job. We have selected sand casting for manufacturing the engine blocks and have justified our decision by discussing various aspects, both good as well as bad, of the selected process.

Suicide in A Perfect Day for Bananafish by J. D. Salinger Essay

A Perfect Day for Bananafish follows the events leading up to the eventual suicide of Seymour Glass. In the story, Seymour is described as a lost spirit who sees himself as being fundamentally different from his social environment following his wartime experience; he leaves the war â€Å"seeing-more† and as a result, awakens to find that he has lost touch with the material world. Salinger uses the story’s dialog as the medium for conveying Seymour’s struggle; he establishes the shallow nature of the environment Seymour is exposed to using the dialog between Muriel and her Mother while simultaneously giving clues about Seymour’s character from the perspectives of the two women in his life. Seymour’s character is built upon further in the second half of the story during the scene in which he converses with Sybil, and also when Seymour is in the elevator moments before he commits suicide. The subtle clues Salinger weaves into the dialog suggest that Se ymour commits suicide to escape the dilemma of either conforming to the materialistic world and sacrificing his spirituality, or choosing not to conform and consequently live estranged from his own wife and the society in which he lives. The opening of the story serves to create the precedent that Muriel is shallow. The first passage describes how Muriel â€Å"uses† her two and a half hour waiting period before her mother’s call. She accomplishes multiple tasks such as painting her toenails, reading a women’s pocket-size magazine article, brushing her hair, and removing a stain from a skirt. Salinger describes Muriel as â€Å"a girl who for a ringing phone dropped exactly nothing.† The references to Muriel as â€Å"a girl† are repeated throughout the story to signify her immaturity; her concern for trivial... ...nd his own life. Many of these clues can be found in the story’s dialog. They suggest that Seymour’s suicide is the manifestation of an awakening gained through his war experience; he is separated from the shallow environment he lives in and can find no other escape. Perhaps Seymour commits suicide in an attempt to break through the barrier that separates him from Muriel and the rest of society. Or maybe Seymour’s mental faculties were damaged by his wartime experience, leaving him disturbed and unstable. The text can be read many ways; however, there is no single interpretation that captures the complexity of Salinger’s short story. While the clues that Salinger leaves throughout the story influence the reader’s perspective on Seymour Glass, ultimately the meaning and justification of Seymour’s suicide depends on the reader’s personal connection to the protagonist.

Renaissance Drama in England

Renaissance Drama in England From Medieval to Renaissance Drama ? Mystery plays -> ? Historical (chronicle) ? Miracle plays -> plays ? Tragedies ? Comedies ? Morality plays -> ? Interludes -> Other public â€Å"spectacles†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The Elizabethan Drama ? The Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the field of drama. ? The Italian Renaissance had rediscovered the ancient Greek and Roman theatre, and this was instrumental in the development of the new drama, which was then beginning to evolve apart from the old mystery and miracle plays of the Middle Ages. The Italians were particularly inspired by Seneca (a major tragic playwright and philosopher) and Plautus (comic cliches, especially that of the boasting soldier had a powerful influence on the Renaissance and after). ? However, the Italian tragedies embraced a principle contrary to Seneca's ethics: showing blood and violence on the stage. It is also true that the Elizabethan Era was a very violent age. As a result, representing that kind of violence on the stage in scenes of high ? physical realism? was probably more cathartic for the Elizabethan spectator. Lady Macbeth by John Singer Sargent,1889Elizabethan Drama and Acting – Main Features ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The plays had 5 acts; Physical realism; Issues borrowed from the ancient Greek drama (the chorus); Allegorical characters borrowed from the Medieval moralities; Issues borrowed from the Italian drama (the pantomime); Exaggerated feelings (love, hatred, revenge); Props and settings were simple; Costumes were rich and in accordance with the fashion of the time; There was no curtain; Women were not allowed to perform. Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd ? Examples: Gorboduc (or Ferrex and Porrex) by Sackville ; Norton, TheThe Elizabethan Playhouse ? The establishment of large and profitable public theatres was an essential enabling factor in the success of English Renaissance drama—once they were in op eration, drama could become a fixed and permanent rather than a transitory phenomenon. The crucial initiating development was the building of The Theatre by James Burbage, in Shoreditch in 1576. The Theatre was rapidly followed by the nearby Curtain Theatre (1577), the Rose (1587), the Swan (1595), the Globe (1599), the Fortune (1600), and the Red Bull (1604).The Elizabethan Playhouse ? The public theatres were three stories high, and built around an open space at the centre. ? Usually polygonal in plan to give an overall rounded effect (though the Red Bull and the first Fortune were square), the three levels of inwardfacing galleries overlooked the open center, into which jutted the stage— essentially a platform surrounded on three sides by the audience, only the rear being restricted for the entrances and exits of the actors and seating for the musicians. The upper level behind the stage could be used as a balcony. Usually built of timber and plaster and with thatched roofs , the early theatres were vulnerable to fire, and were replaced (when necessary) with stronger structures. When the Globe burned down in June 1613, it was rebuilt with a tile roof. The English Renaissance Drama ? 1. The early tragedies ? 2. The early comedies ? 3. The plays of the ? University Wits? ? 4. William Shakespeare’s plays the â€Å"university wits† The decade of the 1590s, just before Shakespeare started his career, saw a radical transformation in popular drama. A group of welleducated men chose to write for the public stage, taking over native traditions.They brought new coherence in structure, and real wit and poetic power to the language. They are known collectively as the â€Å"University Wits,† though they did not always work as a group, and indeed wrangled with each other at times. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? John Lyly (1554-1606) Thomas Lodge (c. 1558-1625) Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) Robert Greene (1560-1592) Thomas Nashe (1567-1601) George Peele Thomas Kyd Thomas Kyd (1558 –1594) ? ? ? Th. Kyd was the author of The Spanish Tragedy, and one of the most important figures in the development of Elizabethan drama.The Spanish Tragedie was probably written in the mid to late 1580s. The earliest surviving edition was printed in 1592; the full title being, The Spanish Tragedie, Containing the lamentable end of Don Horatio, and Bel-imperia: with the pittifull death of olde Hieronimo. However, the play was usually known simply as â€Å"Hieronimo†, after the protagonist. Kyd is more generally accepted to have been the author of a Hamlet, the precursor of the Shakespearean play (Ur-Hamlet). Christopher Marlowe(1564 –1593) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?The foremost Elizabethan tragedian before William Shakespeare, he is known for his magnificent blank verse, his overreaching protagonists, and his own untimely death. Marlowe’s most important plays in which he created his tytanic characters are: Dido, Queen of Carthage (c. 1586) (possibly co-written with Thomas Nashe) Tamburlaine, part 1 (c. 1587) Tamburlaine, part 2 (c. 1587-1588) The Jew of Malta (c. 1589) Doctor Faustus (c. 1589, or, c. 1593) Edward II (c. 1592) The Massacre at Paris (c. 1593) Marlowe is often alleged to have been a government spy killed upon the orders of the Queen.William Shakespeare and His Contemporaries ? According to some critics of his time, Shakespeare was vulgar, provincial and overrated. ? Robert Greene (1558 –1592) is most familiar to Shakespeare scholars for his pamphlet Greene's Groats-Worth of Wit (full title: Greene's Groats-worth of Wit bought with a Million of Repentance), which most scholars agree contains the earliest known mention of Shakespeare as a member of the London dramatic community. In it, Greene disparages Shakespeare, for being an actor who has the temerity to write plays, and for committing plagiarism. ? â€Å"†¦ or there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tygers ha rt wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blanke verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes fac totum, is in his owne conceit the onely Shake-scene in a countrey†. William Shakespeare and His Contemporaries ? ? Francis Meres, one year younger than Shakespeare, described himself as â€Å"Maister of Arte of both Universities†; in 1598 Meres published a work which has proven most valuable in dating Shakespeare's plays, for he mentions many of them, and in the most laudatory terms.In Palladis Tamia, Wits Treasury, Meres begins by praising Shakespeare's poetry the two narrative poems, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece, and the Sonnets – then compares Shakespeare to Plautus in comedy and to Seneca in tragedy: Shakespeare was â€Å"not of an age, but for all time. † ? These are the words of Shakespeare's great friend and contemporary, Ben Jonson. The quotation comes from Jonson's poem, To the memory of my belove d, found in the First Folio of Shakespeare's works, published in 1623. Ben Jonson (1572-1637) William Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) ? There is no simple explanation forShakespeare’s unrivaled popularity, but he remains our greatest entertainer and perhaps our most profound thinker. He had a remarkable knowledge of human behavior, which he was able to communicate through his portrayal of a wide variety of characters. ? His mastery of poetic language and of the techniques of drama enabled him to combine these multiple viewpoints, human motives, and actions to produce a uniquely compelling theatrical experience. SHAKESPEARE’S EARLY YEARS English playwright William Shakespeare was born in a small house on Henley Street in Stratford-uponAvon in April 1564.The third of eight children, William Shakespeare was the eldest son of John Shakespeare, a locally prominent glove-maker and wool merchant, and Mary Arden, the daughter of a well-to-do landowner in the nearby village of Wilmcote. The young Shakespeare probably attended the Stratford grammar school, the King’s New School. Shakespeare’s Birthplace Stratford upon Avon On November 27, 1582, a license was issued to permit Shakespeare’s marriage, at the age of 18, to Anne Hathaway, aged 26 and the daughter of a Warwickshire farmer.The couple’s first daughter, Susanna, was born on May 26, 1583, and twins Hamnet and Judith who were named for their godparents, neighbors Hamnet and Judith Sadler followed on February 2, 1585. Anne Hathaway? s Cottage Charlecote Park, Sir Thomas Lucy? s Property Sometime after the birth of the twins, Shakespeare apparently left Stratford, but no records have turned up to reveal his activity between their birth and his presence in London in 1592, when he was already at work in the theater. Shakespeare? s biographers sometimes refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as â€Å"the lost years. Speculations about this period abound. An unsubstantiated report claims Shakespeare left Stratford after he was caught poaching in the deer park of Sir Thomas Lucy, a local justice of the peace. Another theory has him leaving for London with a theater troupe that had performed in Stratford in 1587. SHAKESPEARE IN LONDON ? Shakespeare seems to have arrived in London about 1588, and by 1592 he had attained sufficient success as an actor and a playwright to attract the venom of Greene, an anxious rival. SOME OF SHAKESPEARE’S CONTEMPORARIES HENRY WRIOTHESLEY RICHARD BURBAGE WILLIAM KEMPECRISTOPHER MARLOWE ? In 1594 Shakespeare became the member of Lord Chamberlain’s men and was active in the formation of famous theatre, the Globe. London – The Globe Theater (rebuilt in 1997) London – The Globe Theater (rebuilt in 1997) Shakespeare’s Last Years Shakespeare's company erected the storied Globe Theatre circa 1598 in London's Bankside district. It was one of four major theatres in the area, along with the Swan, th e Rose, and the Hope. After about 1608 Shakespeare began to write fewer plays. In 1613 fire destroyed the Globe Theatre during a performance of Henry VIII.Although the Globe was quickly rebuilt, Shakespeare? s association with it – and probably with the company – had ended. Around the time of the fire, Shakespeare retired to Stratford, where he had established his family and become a prominent citizen. Shakespeare? s daughter Susanna had married John Hall, a doctor with a thriving practice in Stratford, in 1607. His younger daughter, Judith, married a Stratford winemaker, Thomas Quiney, in 1616. ? Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616 – the month and day traditionally assigned to his birth – and was buried in Stratford’s Holy Trinity Church.He had made his will the previous month, ? in perfect health and memory.? The cause of his death is not known, though a report from the Holy Trinity’s vicar in the 1660s claims that he ? died of a fever â₠¬ ¦ contracted after a night of drinking with Ben Jonson and Michael Drayton, friends and fellow writers?. ? England’s greatest playwright, William Shakespeare was buried in the Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. His epitaph reads: ? Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, ? To digg the dvst encloased heare. ? Blest be ye man yt spares thes stones, ? And cvrst be he yt moves my bones.Trinity Church – Stratford-upon-Avon Shakespeare Authorship Debate ? The Shakespeare authorship debate continues to rage unabated. ? The traditional camp (Stratfordian's) maintain that the famous Bard was indeed a poet, playwright and an actor. ? Critics known as â€Å"Oxfordian? s† argue that a more likely contender may have been Edward De Vere (1550-1604), Christopher Marlowe, Sir Francis Bacon, Derby or even Queen Elizabeth herself! Shakespeare’s Works and their chronology (apud Halliday) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1589-1590 1. Henry VI 15 90 – 1591 – 2.Henry VI 1592 – 1593 Richard III Titus Andronicus Venus and Adonis 1592 – 1598 Sonnets 1593 – 1594 The Comedy of Errors The Taming of the Shrew The Rape of Lucrece 1594 – 1595 The Two gentlemen of Verona Love? s Labours Lost 1595 – 1596 Romeo and Juliet Richard II A Midsummer Night? s Dream 1596 – 1597 King John The Merchant of Venice 1597 – 1598 1 Henry IV 2 Henry IV 1598 – 1599 Much ado About Nothing Henry V The Merry Wives of Windsor ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1599 – 1600 Julius Caesar As You Like It Twelfth Night 1600 – 1601 Hamlet 1601 – 1602 Troilus and Cressida 1602 – 1603 All? Well that Ends Well Othello 1603 – 1604 Measure for measure 1604 – 1605 Timon of Athens 1605 – 1606 King Lear Macbeth 1606 – 1607 Antony and Cleopatra 1607 – 1608 Coriolanus 1608 – 1609 Pericles, Prince of Tyre 1609 – 1610 Cymbeline 1610 – 1611 The Winter? s Tale 1611 – 1612 The Tempest 1612 – 1613 Henry VIII (1613 – 1614) The Two Noble Kinsmen The First Folio ? The â€Å"First Folio† is of major importance to William Shakespeare as it is the first collected edition of Shakespeare's plays. The copperengraving picture of William Shakespeare is signed Martin Droeshout on the title-page of the „First Folio? 1623). Famous Quotes ? Juliet: â€Å"What's in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet. † Romeo and Juliet (II, ii, 1-2) Juliet or The Blue Necklace (1898) by John William Waterhouse Famous Quotes ? Hamlet: There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in your philosophy. Hamlet Act 1, scene 5, 159–167 Ophelia (1894) – John William Waterhouse Famous Quotes Hamlet: What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in act ion how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god! he beauty of the world, the paragon of animals – and yet, to me, what is this quintessence of dust? Man delights not me nor woman neither, though by your smiling you seem to say so. Rosencrantz: My lord, there was no such stuff in my thoughts. Hamlet Act 2, scene 2, 303–312 John William Waterhouse Ophelia – blue dress (1905) Famous Quotes ? Jaques: All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages. ? As You Like It Act 2, scene 7, 139–143John William Waterhouse Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May (1909) Famous Quotes Macbeth: ? To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. Macbeth Act 5, scene 5, 19–28 John William Waterhouse The Magic Circle (study) (1886) Famous QuotesProspero: ? †¦We are such stuff As dreams are made on; and our little life Is rounded with a sleep. ? The Tempest Act 4, scene 1, 148–158 John William Waterhouse Miranda – The Tempest (1916) Famous Quotes Hamlet: ? To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles And by opposing end them. To die—to sleep, No more; and by a sleep to say we end The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to: 'tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish'd.To die, to sleep; To sleep, perchance to dream—ay, there's the rub: For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we hav e shuffled off this mortal coil, Must give us pause—there's the respect That makes calamity of so long life†¦ Hamlet Act 3, scene 1, 55–87 Sir Laurence Olivier (1907 – 1989) as Hamlet Shakespeare, Our Contemporary Hamlet's Soliloquy ? Since first performed in the early 1600s, the title role in William Shakespeare's Hamlet has remained a favorite of many actors because of the emotional complexity of Hamlet's personality. Nowhere is this complexity more apparent than in Hamlet's famous soliloquy in Act III, Scene 1.The soliloquy is a monologue in which a character reveals inner thoughts, motivations, and feelings. Shakespeare used the technique often, and his soliloquies are poetic and rich in imagery. In Hamlet, a play about a man whose mind may be his fatal flaw, the form reaches its highest level. The Structure of Shakespearean Tragedy as devised by Andrew Cecil Bradley ? Andrew Cecil Bradley (1851–1935) was an English literary scholar, best remembe red for his work on Shakespeare ? The outcome of his five years as Professor of Poetry at Oxford University were A. C.Bradley’s two major works, Shakespearean Tragedy (1904), and Oxford Lectures on Poetry (1909). Bradley's pedagogical manner and his self-confidence made him a real guide for many students to the meaning of Shakespeare. His influence on Shakespearean criticism was so great that the following anonymous poem appeared: I dreamt last night that Shakespeare’s Ghost Sat for a civil service post. The English paper for that year Had several questions on King Lear Which Shakespeare answered very badly Because he hadn’t read his Bradley. (Hawkes 1986 as cited in Taylor 2001: 46)CONSTRUCTION IN SHAKESPEARE'S TRAGEDIES ? As a Shakespearean tragedy represents a conflict which terminates in a catastrophe, any such tragedy may roughly be divided into three parts. ? A. The first of these sets forth or expounds the situation, or state of affairs, out of which the conflict arises; and it may, therefore, be called the exposition. ? B. The second deals with the definite beginning, the growth and the vicissitudes of the conflict. It forms accordingly the bulk of the play, comprising the Second, Third and Fourth Acts, and usually a part of the First and a part of the Fifth. ? C.The final section of the tragedy shows the issue of the conflict in a catastrophe. ? The application of this scheme of division is naturally more or less arbitrary. The first part glides into the second, and the second into the third, and there may often be difficulty in drawing the lines between them. A. The Exposition ? ? ? The role of the exposition is to introduce us into a little world of persons; to show us their positions in life, their circumstances, their relations to one another, and perhaps something of their characters; and to leave us keenly interested in the question of what will come out of this condition of things.We are left thus expectant. This situation is not one of conflict, but it threatens conflict. For example, in â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† we see first the hatred of the Montagues and Capulets; and then we see Romeo ready to fall violently in love; and then we hear talk of a marriage between Juliet and Paris; but the exposition is not complete, and the conflict has not definitely begun to arise, till, in the last scene of the First Act, Romeo the Montague sees Juliet the Capulet and falls in love with her.Sir Frank Dicksee – Romeo And Juliet, 1884 Some Shakespearean â€Å"Tricks† ? ? ? When Shakespeare begins his exposition he generally at first makes people talk about the hero, but keeps the hero himself for some time out of sight, so that we await his entrance with curiosity and sometimes with anxiety. On the other hand, if the play opens with a quiet conversation, this is usually brief, and then at once the hero enters and takes action of some decided kind. For instance, compare the beginning of Macbeth to that of King Lear.In the latter the tone is so low that the conversation between Kent, Gloster and Edmund is written in prose (although they are of noble extraction). At the thirty-fourth line it is broken off by the entrance of Lear and his court, and without delay the King proceeds to his fatal division of the kingdom. William Dyce – King Lear and the Fool in the Storm (c. 1851) ? This tragedy illustrates another practice of Shakespeare's. King Lear has a secondary plot, that which concerns Glouchester and his two sons.To make the beginning of this plot quite clear, and to mark it off from the main action, Shakespeare gives it a separate exposition. ? In Hamlet, though the plot is single, there is a little group of characters possessing a certain independent interest, – Polonius, his son, and his daughter; and so the third scene is devoted wholly to them. B. The Conflict ? The construction of a Shaksepearean tragedy is based on the fight between two opposing sides i n the conflict. They are of almost equal strength and it is difficult to guess which of them is to win.They are victorious in turn, until the conflict reaches its climax. In some tragedies the opposing forces can be identified with opposing persons or groups. So it is in â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† and â€Å"Macbeth†. But it is not always so. The love of Othello may be said to contend with another force, as the love of Romeo does; but Othello cannot be said to contend with Iago as Romeo contends with the representatives of the hatred of the houses, or as Macbeth contends with Malcolm and Macduff. ? Thomas Stothard, The Meeting of Othello and Desdemona (c. 1799)Ups, downs and suspense ? ? ? There is, all through the tragedy, a constant alternation of rises and falls in this tension or in the emotional pitch of the work, a regular sequence of more exciting and less exciting sections. The sequence of events within the conflict, is also based on the principle of alternation. L et us call the two sides in the conflict A and B. All through the conflict we shall find a regular alternation of smaller advances and withdrawals; first A seeming to win some ground, and then the counteraction of B being shown.And since we always more or less decidedly prefer A to B or B to A, the result of this oscillating movement is a constant alternation of hope and fear, causing suspense. Dagnan-Bouveret Hamlet and the Gravediggers ? ? ? ? ? ? ? In Hamlet the conflict begins with the hero's feigning to be insane from disappointment in love, and we are shown his immediate success in convincing Polonius. Let us call this an advance of A. The next scene shows the King's great uneasiness about Hamlet's melancholy, and his skepticism as to Polonius's explanation of its cause: advance of B.Hamlet completely baffles Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, who have been sent to discover his secret, and he arranges for the test of the play scene: advance of A. But immediately before the play sce ne his soliloquy on suicide fills us with misgiving; and his words to Ophelia, overheard, so convince the King that love is not the cause of his nephew's strange behavior, that he determines to get rid of him by sending him to England: advance of B. The play scene proves a complete success: decided advance of A.Directly after it Hamlet spares the King at prayer, and in an interview with his mother kills Polonius, and so gives his enemy a perfect excuse for sending him away (to be executed): decided advance of B, a. s. o. This oscillating movement can be traced without difficulty in any of the tragedies. C. The Catastrophe ? The oscillating movement continues right up to the catastrophe. ? There is a critical point in the action, which proves also to be a turning point.It is critical sometimes in the sense that, until it is reached, the conflict is not, so to speak, clenched; one of the two sets of forces might subside, or a reconciliation might somehow be effected; while, as soon as it is reached, we feel this can no longer be. It is critical also because the advancing force has apparently asserted itself victoriously, gaining, if not all it could wish, still a very substantial advantage; whereas really it is on the point of turning downward toward its fall. This crisis, as a rule, comes somewhere near the middle of the play. ?Alexandre-Marie Colin. The Three Witches from â€Å"Macbeth,† 1827. This movement is most clear in Julius Caesar and Macbeth. In the former the fortunes of the conspiracy rise with vicissitudes up to the crisis of the assassination (III. i. ); they then sink with vicissitudes to the catastrophe, where Brutus and Cassius perish. In the latter, Macbeth, hurrying, in spite of much inward resistance, to the murder of Duncan, attains the crown, the upward movement being extraordinarily rapid, and the crisis arriving early: his cause then turns slowly downward, and soon hastens to ruin.In both these tragedies the simplicity of the const ructional effect depends on the fact that the contending forces may be identified with certain persons, and on the fact that the defeat of one side is the victory of the other. Octavius and Antony, Malcolm and Macduff, are left standing over the bodies of their foes. ? Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more: it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.Charles Kean and his wife as Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, in costumes aiming to be historically accurate (1858). ? This is not so in Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet, because here, although the hero perishes, the side opposed to him, being the more faulty or evil, cannot be allowed to triumph when he falls. Otherwise the type of construction is the same. The fortunes of Romeo and Juliet rise and culminate in their marriage (II. vi. ), and then begin to decline before the opposition of their houses, which, aided by accidents, produces a cat astrophe, but is thereupon converted into a remorseful reconciliation.Hamlet's cause reaches its zenith in the success of the play-scene (III. ii. ). Thereafter the reaction makes way, and he perishes through the plot of the King and Laertes. But they are not allowed to survive their success. Frederick Leighton – The Reconciliation of the Montagues and Capulets over the Dead Bodies of Romeo and Juliet, 1853-5 The Play Scene in Hamlet by Daniel Maclise (1806-70) ? http://elizabethan. org/compendium/home. html ? http://www. elizabethan-era. org. uk/elizabethan-england. htm ? http://www. britainexpress. com/History/Elizabethan_life. htm